{"id":1622,"date":"2026-07-20T16:01:03","date_gmt":"2026-07-20T08:01:03","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/mooda.com.cn\/?page_id=1622"},"modified":"2026-07-20T16:01:03","modified_gmt":"2026-07-20T08:01:03","slug":"%e3%80%8a%e7%bb%84%e7%bb%87%e7%a4%be%e4%bc%9a%e5%bf%83%e7%90%86%e5%ad%a6%e3%80%8b%e5%ad%a6%e4%b9%a0%e7%ac%94%e8%ae%b0-064","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/mooda.com.cn\/?page_id=1622","title":{"rendered":"\u300a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u793e\u4f1a\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u300b\u5b66\u4e60\u7b14\u8bb0 064"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

\u63a5\u4e0a\u671f\uff1a<\/em>\u300a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u793e\u4f1a\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u300b\u5b66\u4e60\u7b14\u8bb0 063<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

3 interdependence and organizing<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u7b2c\u4e09\u7ae0 \u76f8\u4e92\u4f9d\u8d56\u4e0e\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5316<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u539f\u6587\uff1aIn the last chapter William James urged that we talk about feelings of \u201cand,\u201d\u201cif,\u201d\u201cBut,\u201d and \u201cby\u201d, and this chapter takes that injunction seriously. Words such as connection, relation, link,etwork,interdependence,<\/em>and reciprocal<\/em>  are plentiful in literature on organizations. It is important to gain some experience with this way of viewing the world. The purpose of this chapter is to introduce some tools and ideas that can be used to think through some of the issues of connection as they involve organization. In the next chapter we will look at quite molecular forms of connection, interpersonal contingencies between pairs of actors. In this chapter we are talking about connections in general. The ideas to be developed here are equally relevant for connections between a therapist and client, parasite and host, nation and nation, subscribers and advertisers, an individual’s failure and depression, or team expansion and fog.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a\u5728\u4e0a\u4e00\u7ae0\u4e2d\uff0c\u5a01\u5ec9\u00b7\u8a79\u59c6\u65af\u6566\u4fc3\u6211\u4eec\u8981\u53bb\u63a2\u8ba8\u5173\u4e8e\u201c\u5e76\u4e14\u201d\u3001\u201c\u5982\u679c\u201d\u3001\u201c\u4f46\u662f\u201d\u4ee5\u53ca\u201c\u901a\u8fc7\u201d\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8bcd\u6c47\u6240\u4f20\u8fbe\u7684\u5fae\u89c2\u4f53\u611f\uff1b\u672c\u7ae0\u5c06\u6781\u5176\u4e25\u8083\u5730\u8df5\u884c\u8fd9\u4e00\u5631\u6258\u3002\u8bf8\u5982\u201c\u8fde\u63a5\u201d\u3001\u201c\u5173\u7cfb\u201d\u3001\u201c\u7ebd\u5e26\u201d\u3001\u201c\u7f51\u7edc\u201d\u3001\u201c\u76f8\u4e92\u4f9d\u8d56\u201d\u4ee5\u53ca\u201c\u4e92\u60e0\/\u4e92\u5012\u201d\u7b49\u8bcd\u6c47\uff0c\u5728\u6709\u5173\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u6587\u732e\u4e2d\u5c61\u89c1\u4e0d\u9c9c\u3002\u901a\u8fc7\u8fd9\u79cd\u201c\u5173\u7cfb\u89c6\u89d2\u201d\u6765\u89c2\u5bdf\u4e16\u754c\uff0c\u5bf9\u6211\u4eec\u800c\u8a00\u81f3\u5173\u91cd\u8981\u5e76\u9700\u8981\u79ef\u7d2f\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u7ecf\u9a8c\u3002\u672c\u7ae0\u7684\u76ee\u7684\u5728\u4e8e\u5f15\u5165\u4e00\u4e9b\u5de5\u5177\u548c\u601d\u60f3\uff0c\u7528\u4ee5\u5f7b\u5e95\u60f3\u900f\u90a3\u4e9b\u6d89\u53ca\u201c\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5316\u201d\u7684\u8fde\u63a5\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u5728\u4e0b\u4e00\u7ae0\u4e2d\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5c06\u5ba1\u89c6\u66f4\u5fae\u89c2\u5206\u5b50\u5c42\u9762\u7684\u8fde\u63a5\u2014\u2014\u5373\u4e24\u4f4d\u884c\u52a8\u8005\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u4eba\u9645\u6743\u53d8\u5173\u7cfb\u3002\u800c\u5728\u672c\u7ae0\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u63a2\u8ba8\u7684\u662f\u66f4\u6cdb\u5316\u7684\u8fde\u63a5\u3002\u8fd9\u91cc\u5c06\u8981\u5c55\u5f00\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u4e0d\u4ec5\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u6cbb\u7597\u5e08\u4e0e\u6765\u8bbf\u8005\u3001\u5bc4\u751f\u866b\u4e0e\u5bbf\u4e3b\u3001\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e0e\u56fd\u5bb6\u3001\u8ba2\u6237\u4e0e\u5e7f\u544a\u5546\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u540c\u6837\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u4e2a\u4eba\u5931\u8d25\u4e0e\u6291\u90c1\u60c5\u7eea\u3001\u751a\u81f3\u662f\u8f66\u961f\u6269\u5f20\u4e0e\u5927\u96fe\u5929\u6c14\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u8fde\u63a5\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\ud83d\udccc \u5b66\u4e60\u7b14\u8bb0<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u8fd9\u662f\u7b2c\u4e09\u7ae0\u7684\u5f00\u7bc7\uff0c\u7ef4\u514b\u5728\u6b64\u7b80\u8981\u7684\u63d0\u51fa\u672c\u7ae0\u53ca\u4e0b\u4e00\u7ae0\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\uff0c\u90fd\u5c06\u56f4\u7ed5\u5173\u7cfb\u89c6\u89d2\u5c55\u5f00\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5316\u7684\u5206\u6790\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1. \u5f00\u7bc7\u501f\u7528\u5b9e\u7528\u4e3b\u4e49\u54f2\u5b66\u5927\u5e08\u5a01\u5ec9\u00b7\u8a79\u59c6\u65af\u7684\u9690\u55bb\uff0c\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u9ad8\u7ea7\u7684\u8ba4\u77e5\u8f6c\u5411\uff1a\u5173\u6ce8\u8fde\u63a5\u8bcd\u3002\u4e00\u822c\u7684\u89c2\u5bdf\u8005\u5173\u6ce8\u540d\u8bcd\u548c\u5b9e\u4f53\uff0c\u8b6c\u5982\u201c\u90e8\u95e8A\u201d\u3001\u201c\u90e8\u95e8B\u201d\u3001\u201cKPI\u6307\u6807\u201d\u7b49\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u8fd9\u5728\u7ef4\u514b\u770b\u6765\uff0c\u8fd9\u5c31\u50cf\u53ea\u770b\u5355\u8bcd\uff0c\u4e0d\u770b\u8bed\u6cd5\u3002\u7ef4\u514b\u63d0\u51fa\u8981\u4e25\u8083\u7684\u5173\u6ce8\u8bed\u6cd5\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8fde\u63a5\u8bcd\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8fde\u63a5\u8bcd\u5728\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u4e2d\u4ee3\u8868\u7740\u56e0\u679c\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u4f20\u5bfc\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002\u771f\u6b63\u51b3\u5b9a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u547d\u8fd0\u7684\uff0c\u4e0d\u662f\u9759\u6001\u7684\u90e8\u95e8\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8fde\u63a5\u8bcd\u6240\u627f\u8f7d\u7684\u52a8\u6001\u5fc3\u7406\u4e0e\u884c\u4e3a\u6d41\u5411\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2. \u7ef4\u514b\u5217\u4e3e\u4e86\u4e00\u7ec4\u8de8\u5ea6\u6781\u5927\u3001\u751a\u81f3\u663e\u5f97\u6709\u4e9b\u8352\u8bde\u7684\u914d\u5bf9\uff0c\u8b6c\u5982\u201c\u6cbb\u7597\u5e08\u2014\u6765\u8bbf\u8005\u201d\u3001\u201c\u5bc4\u751f\u866b\u2014\u5bbf\u4e3b\u201d\u3001\u201c\u56fd\u5bb6\u2014\u56fd\u5bb6\u201d\u3001\u201c\u56e2\u961f\u6269\u5f20\u2014\u5927\u96fe\u201d\u3001\u8fd9\u79cd\u770b\u4f3c\u6781\u5ea6\u591a\u6837\u5316\u7684\u5e76\u5217\uff0c\u6070\u6070\u547c\u5e94\u4e86\u524d\u6587\u7ef4\u514b\u5f3a\u8c03\u7684\u201c\u63d0\u5347\u62bd\u8c61\u5c42\u6b21\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u8bba\u3002\u5728\u5177\u8c61\u5c42\u9762\uff0c\u751f\u6001\u5b66\uff08\u5bc4\u751f\u866b\uff09\u548c\u7cbe\u795e\u5206\u6790\uff08\u6cbb\u7597\u5e08\uff09\u6beb\u65e0\u5173\u7cfb\uff1b\u4f46\u5728\u9ad8\u9636\u62bd\u8c61\u5c42\u9762\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u5171\u4eab\u7740\u5b8c\u5168\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u201c\u63a7\u5236\u8bba\u53cd\u9988\u56de\u8def\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u800c\u201c\u56e2\u961f\u6269\u5f20\u4e0e\u5927\u96fe\u201d\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5178\u578b\u7684\u975e\u7ebf\u6027\u56e0\u679c\u9690\u55bb\uff1a\u4e00\u4e2a\u53d8\u91cf\u7684\u53d8\u52a8\uff08\u6269\u5f20\uff09\u5982\u4f55\u8de8\u8d8a\u7269\u7406\u8fb9\u754c\uff0c\u4e0e\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u770b\u4f3c\u4e0d\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\u53d8\u91cf\uff08\u5927\u96fe\uff09\u4ea4\u7ec7\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u9501\u6b7b\u6574\u4e2a\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u884c\u52a8\u3002\u7406\u89e3\u8fd9\u79cd\u6cdb\u5316\u8fde\u63a5\uff0c\u662f\u5f00\u5c55\u7cfb\u7edf\u7ea7\u7ec4\u7ec7\u8bca\u65ad\u5de5\u4f5c\u7684\u524d\u63d0\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u539f\u6587\uff1aTo familiarize the reader with the general notion of interdependence, we will first examine two examples. Then the question of what the examples have in common will be answered by having the reader generate a personal display of interdependence using personal experience. In exploring this display, we will examine several characteristics of it that are also found in the examples and that are basic characteristics of any setting characterized by interdependence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a\u4e3a\u4e86\u8ba9\u8bfb\u8005\u719f\u6089\u76f8\u4e92\u4f9d\u8d56\u8fd9\u4e00\u6cdb\u5316\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5c06\u9996\u5148\u5ba1\u67e5\u4e24\u4e2a\u793a\u4f8b\u3002\u968f\u540e\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5c06\u901a\u8fc7\u8ba9\u8bfb\u8005\u5229\u7528\u81ea\u8eab\u7ecf\u9a8c\uff0c\u4eb2\u81ea\u751f\u6210\u4e00\u4e2a\u5173\u4e8e\u76f8\u4e92\u4f9d\u8d56\u7684\u4e2a\u6027\u5316\u56fe\u5f0f\uff0c\u6765\u56de\u7b54\u8fd9\u4e9b\u793a\u4f8b\u7a76\u7adf\u6709\u4f55\u5171\u540c\u70b9\u8fd9\u4e00\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u5728\u63a2\u7d22\u8fd9\u4e2a\u56fe\u5f0f\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5c06\u5256\u6790\u5b83\u7684\u82e5\u5e72\u7279\u5f81\u2014\u2014\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7279\u5f81\u4e0d\u4ec5\u540c\u6837\u5b58\u5728\u4e8e\u524d\u8ff0\u793a\u4f8b\u4e2d\uff0c\u66f4\u662f\u4efb\u4f55\u5177\u6709\u76f8\u4e92\u4f9d\u8d56\u7279\u5f81\u7684\u73af\u5883\u6240\u5177\u5907\u7684\u5e95\u5c42\u57fa\u672c\u7279\u5f81\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\ud83d\udccc \u5b66\u4e60\u7b14\u8bb0<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u7ef4\u514b\u5728\u672c\u6bb5\u4e2d\u5c55\u73b0\u4e86\u4ed6\u6781\u5177\u7279\u8272\u7684\u73b0\u8c61\u5b66\/\u4f53\u9a8c\u5f0f\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002\u4ed6\u6ca1\u6709\u76f4\u63a5\u629b\u51fa\u4e00\u4e2a\u50f5\u786c\u3001\u6b7b\u677f\u7684\u201c\u76f8\u4e92\u4f9d\u8d56\u201d\u6559\u79d1\u4e66\u5b9a\u4e49\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u8bbe\u8ba1\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u6982\u5ff5\u8ba4\u77e5\u7684\u63d0\u5347\u8def\u5f84\uff1a\u5177\u8c61\u793a\u4f8b \u2192 \u4e2a\u4eba\u7ecf\u9a8c\u6fc0\u6d3b \u2192 \u4e2a\u6027\u5316\u56fe\u5f0f \u2192 \u5256\u6790\u5171\u6027 \u2192 \u719f\u6089\u6982\u5ff5\u3002
1. \u7ef4\u514b\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u4f53\u9a8c\u5f0f\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u6df1\u523b\u4f53\u73b0\u4e86\u5efa\u6784\u4e3b\u4e49\u8ba4\u77e5\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u3002\u4ed6\u6df1\u77e5\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u53ea\u662f\u7531\u4ed6\u8fd9\u4f4d\u201c\u7406\u8bba\u5bb6\u201d\u5355\u5411\u8f93\u51fa\u4e00\u5957\u5173\u4e8e\u76f8\u4e92\u4f9d\u8d56\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\uff08\u7cfb\u7edf\u8bba\u3001\u63a7\u5236\u8bba\u4e4b\u7c7b\u7684\u884c\u8bdd\uff09\uff0c\u8bfb\u8005\u7684\u5047\u8bbe\u57fa\u7840\u4f1a\u7acb\u523b\u5c06\u5176\u67d3\u8272\u3001\u8fc7\u6ee4\uff0c\u5e76\u6700\u7ec8\u4f5c\u4e3a\u201c\u96be\u61c2\u53c8\u50ac\u7720\u7684\u7b26\u53f7\u201d\u6254\u8fdb\u5927\u8111\u89d2\u843d\u3002
\u4f53\u9a8c\u5f0f\u65b9\u6cd5\u6709\u4e24\u5c42\u542b\u4e49\uff1a\u9996\u5148\u662f\u6fc0\u6d3b\u4e2a\u4eba\u7ecf\u9a8c\uff0c\u7ef4\u514b\u8981\u6c42\u8bfb\u8005\u201c\u4eb2\u81ea\u751f\u6210\u201d\u57fa\u4e8e\u4e2a\u4eba\u4f53\u9a8c\u7684\u56fe\u5f0f\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u6bcf\u4e2a\u4eba\u5728\u65e5\u5e38\u751f\u6d3b\u4e2d\uff0c\u90fd\u65e0\u6570\u6b21\u4f5c\u4e3a\u201c\u6d41\u4f53\u201d\u6d78\u6ce1\u5728\u5404\u79cd\u76f8\u4e92\u4f9d\u8d56\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u4e2d\u3002\u5176\u6b21\u662f\u53ea\u6709\u7528\u8bfb\u8005\u81ea\u5df1\u6700\u771f\u5b9e\u7684\u3001\u5e26\u6e29\u5ea6\u7684\u4e2a\u4eba\u7ecf\u9a8c\uff0c\u90a3\u4e9b\u6f5c\u4f0f\u5728\u884c\u4e3a\u80cc\u540e\u7684\u56e0\u679c\u53cd\u9988\u73af\u624d\u80fd\u88ab\u8bfb\u8005\u771f\u6b63\u770b\u89c1\u3002
2. \u7ef4\u514b\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u5728\u8bf4\uff0c\u65e0\u8bba\u662f\u5b8f\u89c2\u7684\u793a\u4f8b\uff0c\u8fd8\u662f\u8bfb\u8005\u8111\u6d77\u4e2d\u6781\u5176\u79c1\u5bc6\u7684\u5fae\u89c2\u4f53\u611f\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u5728\u5e95\u5c42\u5171\u4eab\u7740\u5b8c\u5168\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u52a8\u529b\u5b66\u57fa\u672c\u7279\u5f81\uff0c\u4e14\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7279\u5f81\u975e\u5e38\u7a33\u5b9a\u3002

People and Spirit Levels<\/strong>\u4eba\u4e0e\u6c34\u5e73\u4eea<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u539f\u6587\uff1aA graphic way to demonstrate interdependence is by means of a piece of laboratory apparatus suggested by Alex Bavelas (the same one) and used by Raven and Eachus (1963) (see Fig. 3.1).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a\u5c55\u793a\u76f8\u4e92\u4f9d\u8d56\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u76f4\u89c2\uff08\u56fe\u5f62\u5316\uff09\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u662f\u501f\u52a9\u4e8e\u4e00\u5957\u7531\u4e9a\u5386\u514b\u65af\u00b7\u5df4\u7ef4\u62c9\u65af\uff08\u6b63\u662f\u524d\u9762\u63d0\u5230\u7684\u90a3\u4f4d\uff09\u63d0\u8bae\u3001\u5e76\u7531\u96f7\u6587\u548c\u4f0a\u695a\u65af\uff081963\uff09\u5728\u5b9e\u9a8c\u4e2d\u4f7f\u7528\u8fc7\u7684\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5ba4\u88c5\u7f6e\uff08\u89c1\u56fe3.1\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\ud83d\udccc \u5b66\u4e60\u7b14\u8bb0<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f5c\u4e3a\u8fd9\u4e00\u5c0f\u8282\u7684\u5f00\u59cb\uff0c\u7ef4\u514b\u7b80\u660e\u627c\u8981\u7684\u9884\u544a\u4e86\u5373\u5c06\u5f00\u5c55\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u5b9e\u9a8c\u3002\u8fd9\u91cc\u7684\u5173\u952e\u8bcd\u662f \u201cGraphic\uff08\u76f4\u89c2\/\u56fe\u5f62\u5316\uff09\u201d<\/strong>\uff0c\u7ef4\u514b\u5c06\u7528\u4e00\u4e2a\u7eaf\u7cb9\u7684\u7269\u7406\u88c5\u7f6e\u4e3a\u9690\u55bb\uff0c\u53bb\u89e3\u6784\u590d\u6742\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4e2d\u90a3\u4e9b\u770b\u4e0d\u89c1\u3001\u6478\u4e0d\u7740\u7684\u4eba\u9645\u6743\u529b\u4e0e\u884c\u4e3a\u62c9\u626f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1 \u5728\u82f1\u8bed\u4e2d\uff0c\u201cspirit level\u201d<\/strong> \u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u56fa\u5b9a\u7684\u5de5\u4e1a\u4e0e\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u4e13\u6709\u540d\u8bcd\uff0c\u6307\u7684\u662f\u6c34\u51c6\u5c3a<\/strong>\u6216\u6c34\u5e73\u4eea<\/strong>\uff08\u5373\u91cc\u9762\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u5e26\u6c14\u6ce1\u7684\u5c0f\u73bb\u7483\u7ba1\uff0c\u7528\u6765\u6d4b\u91cf\u8868\u9762\u662f\u5426\u6c34\u5e73\u7684\u5de5\u5177\uff09\u3002\u7ef4\u514b\u5728\u5c0f\u6807\u9898\u91cc\u7528\u7684 \u201cPeople and Spirit Levels\u201d<\/strong>\uff0c\u5176\u5b9e\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u7cbe\u5999\u7684\u53cc\u5173\u8bed\uff08\u65e2\u6307\u201c\u4eba\u4e0e\u6c34\u5e73\u4eea\u201d\uff0c\u4e5f\u6697\u6307\u201c\u4eba\u4e0e\u7cbe\u795e\u5c42\u9762\u201d\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5728\u624b\u5de5\u4e1a\u548c\u65e9\u671f\u7684\u5de5\u4e1a\u754c\uff0c\u9ad8\u6d53\u5ea6\u7684\u84b8\u998f\u9152\u6216\u9152\u7cbe\u5c31\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a \u201cSpirits\u201d\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u9760\u201c\u9152\u7cbe\u91cc\u7684\u6c14\u6ce1\u201d\u6765\u6d4b\u91cf\u5e73\u8861\u7684\u4eea\u5668\uff0c\u5c31\u88ab\u987a\u7406\u6210\u7ae0\u5730\u547d\u540d\u4e3a Spirit Level\uff08\u6c14\u6ce1\u6c34\u5e73\u4eea\uff09<\/strong>\u3002\u800c\u4f7f\u7528\u201c\u9152\u7cbe\u201d\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u6c34\uff0c\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u6c34\u7684\u8868\u9762\u5f20\u529b\u592a\u5927\uff0c\u6c14\u6ce1\u79fb\u52a8\u4f1a\u53d1\u9ecf\u3001\u4e0d\u7075\u654f\uff1b\u800c\u4e14\u6c34\u5728\u4f4e\u6e29\u65f6\u4f1a\u7ed3\u51b0\u80c0\u7834\u73bb\u7483\u7ba1\u3002\u800c\u9152\u7cbe\u7684\u6d41\u52a8\u6027\u6781\u5f3a\uff0c\u4e14\u4e0d\u6613\u7ed3\u51b0\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2 \u7ef4\u514b\u5728\u62ec\u53f7\u91cc\u4fcf\u76ae\u5730\u5199\u9053\u201cthe same one\uff08\u6b63\u662f\u90a3\u4f4d\uff09\u201d\uff0c\u6307\u7684\u662f\u5df4\u7ef4\u62c9\u65af\uff0c\u8fd9\u4f4d\u5728\u7ec4\u7ec7\u884c\u4e3a\u5b66\u548c\u7fa4\u4f53\u52a8\u529b\u5b66\u53f2\u4e0a\u7684\u6cf0\u6597\u7ea7\u5730\u4f4d\u7684\u4eba\u7269\u3002\u5df4\u7ef4\u62c9\u65af\u6700\u8457\u540d\u7684\u8d21\u732e\u662f\u201c\u5c0f\u7fa4\u4f53\u6c9f\u901a\u7f51\u7edc\u5b9e\u9a8c\u201d\uff08\u5982\u8f6e\u578b\u3001Y\u578b\u3001\u94fe\u578b\u3001\u5706\u5708\u578b\u7f51\u7edc\uff09\u3002\u5df4\u7ef4\u62c9\u65af\u7814\u7a76\u4fe1\u606f\u6d41\u5728\u4e0d\u540c\u201c\u62d3\u6251\u7ed3\u6784\u201d\u4e2d\u7684\u4f20\u9012\u6548\u7387\u4e0e\u6743\u529b\u6d8c\u73b0\u3002\u800c\u6b64\u5904\u5f15\u5165\u7684\u88c5\u7f6e\u662f\u60f3\u8bf4\u660e\u5df4\u7ef4\u62c9\u65af\u4e0d\u518d\u4ec5\u4ec5\u5173\u6ce8\u201c\u4fe1\u606f\u600e\u4e48\u4f20\u201d\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u5173\u6ce8\u201c\u5f53\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u7684\u5229\u76ca\u4e0e\u884c\u4e3a\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u673a\u5236\u5173\u8054\u5728\u5176\u4ed6\u4eba\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u4e0a\u65f6\uff0c\u7cfb\u7edf\u5982\u4f55\u8fbe\u6210\u52a8\u6001\u5e73\u8861\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

3 \u8fd9\u91cc\u6240\u8bf4\u7684\u96f7\u6587\u662f\u793e\u4f1a\u6743\u529b\u57fa\u7840\u7406\u8bba\uff08\u4e94\u79cd\u6743\u529b\u6765\u6e90\uff09\u7684\u5960\u57fa\u4eba\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002\u4ed6\u548c\u4f0a\u695a\u65af\u5f15\u5165\u8fd9\u4e2a\u88c5\u7f6e\uff0c\u672c\u8d28\u4e0a\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u5728\u4e25\u5bc6\u7684\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5ba4\u73af\u5883\u4e0b\uff0c\u5265\u79bb\u6389\u73b0\u5b9e\u4f01\u4e1a\u4e2d\u590d\u6742\u7684\u79d1\u5c42\u7b49\u7ea7\u3001\u85aa\u916c\u3001\u653f\u6cbb\u548c\u5386\u53f2\u6069\u6028\uff0c\u5c06\u201c\u76f8\u4e92\u4f9d\u8d56\u201d\u7b80\u5316\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u7edd\u5bf9\u65e0\u60c5\u7684\u7269\u7406\u6a21\u578b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u539f\u6587\uff1aIn Fig. 3.1 three people are seated at the corners of an equilateral triangle; there are knobs in front of them, and in front of each knob is a carpenter\u2019s spirit level \u2014 a piece of wood with a bubble in the center of it. If the level is put on a surface that is tilted, the bubble will not remain in the center, but when the surface is perfectly flat the bubble will be in the center. Simple as this tool is, it can portray most of the dramas of interdependence that occur in everyday life.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a\u5728\u56fe3.1\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e09\u4e2a\u4eba\u56f4\u5750\u5728\u4e00\u5ea7\u7b49\u8fb9\u4e09\u89d2\u5f62\u684c\u5b50\u7684\u4e09\u4e2a\u9876\u70b9\u4e0a\u3002\u5728\u4ed6\u4eec\u6bcf\u4e2a\u4eba\u9762\u524d\u90fd\u5b89\u7f6e\u7740\u4e00\u4e2a\u65cb\u94ae\uff0c\u800c\u5728\u6bcf\u4e00\u4e2a\u65cb\u94ae\u524d\u65b9\uff0c\u90fd\u6446\u653e\u7740\u4e00\u4e2a\u6728\u5de5\u6c14\u6ce1\u6c34\u5e73\u4eea\u2014\u2014\u5373\u4e00\u5757\u4e2d\u95f4\u5d4c\u6709\u6c14\u6ce1\u7ba1\u7684\u6728\u5757\u3002\u5982\u679c\u5c06\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6c34\u5e73\u4eea\u653e\u7f6e\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u503e\u659c\u7684\u8868\u9762\u4e0a\uff0c\u6c14\u6ce1\u5c31\u4e0d\u4f1a\u4fdd\u6301\u5728\u6b63\u4e2d\u592e\uff1b\u800c\u5f53\u8868\u9762\u5b8c\u5168\u6c34\u5e73\u65f6\uff0c\u6c14\u6ce1\u5c31\u4f1a\u5b8c\u7f8e\u5c45\u4e2d\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5de5\u5177\u6781\u5176\u7b80\u5355\uff0c\u4f46\u5b83\u5374\u8db3\u4ee5\u6f14\u7ece\u51fa\u65e5\u5e38\u751f\u6d3b\u4e2d\u53d1\u751f\u7684\u5927\u591a\u6570\u5173\u4e8e\u201c\u76f8\u4e92\u4f9d\u8d56\u201d\u7684\u620f\u5267\u6027\u51b2\u7a81\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

\ud83d\udccc \u5b66\u4e60\u7b14\u8bb0<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u7ef4\u514b\u5728\u6b64\u5904\u7528\u7b80\u6d01\u7684\u51e0\u53e5\u8bdd\uff0c\u4e3a\u6211\u4eec\u4ecb\u7ecd\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e2a\u88c5\u7f6e\u3002\u4ed6\u501f\u7528\u8fd9\u4e2a\u770b\u4f3c\u8d28\u6734\u7684\u6728\u5de5\u5de5\u5177\uff0c\u5411\u6211\u4eec\u5c55\u793a\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u6d1e\u5bdf\uff1a\u518d\u590d\u6742\u7684\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5267\u672c\uff0c\u5176\u5e95\u5c42\u8bed\u6cd5\u90fd\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u538b\u7f29\u8fdb\u4e00\u4e2a\u7b49\u8fb9\u4e09\u89d2\u5f62\u7684\u529b\u5b66\u7ed3\u6784\u4e2d\u3002<\/strong>\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5b9e\u9a8c\u6a21\u578b\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e09\u4e2a\u4eba\u7684\u65cb\u94ae\u901a\u8fc7\u770b\u4e0d\u89c1\u7684\u7ef3\u7d22\u548c\u6ed1\u8f6e\u4e0e\u4e2d\u592e\u7684\u5e73\u677f\u53ca\u6c34\u5e73\u4eea\u8fde\u4e3a\u4e00\u4f53\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1. \u7ef4\u514b\u7279\u610f\u5f3a\u8c03\u4e09\u4eba\u56f4\u5750\u5728\u7b49\u8fb9\u4e09\u89d2\u5f62\u7684\u4e09\u4e2a\u9876\u70b9\u4e0a\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\uff0c\u7b49\u8fb9\u4e09\u89d2\u5f62\u610f\u5473\u7740\u4e09\u65b9\u7684\u6743\u529b\u5bf9\u79f0\u4e0e\u4fe1\u606f\u5bf9\u7b49\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2. \u6c34\u5e73\u4eea\u4e2d\u95f4\u7684\u90a3\u4e2a\u5c0f\u6c14\u6ce1\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u7406\u89e3\u4e3a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5171\u540c\u8ffd\u6c42\u7684\u5e73\u8861\u6001\u3001\u7ee9\u6548\u6307\u6807\u3001\u6216\u662f\u6218\u7565\u613f\u666f<\/strong>\u3002\u524d\u9762\u6211\u4eec\u63d0\u5230\uff0c\u8fd9\u91cc\u7684\u6c14\u6ce1\u6781\u5176\u654f\u611f\uff0c\u8868\u9762\u6709\u4e00\u4e1d\u4e00\u6beb\u7684\u503e\u659c\uff0c\u5b83\u5c31\u4f1a\u7acb\u523b\u53d1\u751f\u4f4d\u79fb\u3002\u7ec4\u7ec7\u60f3\u8981\u751f\u5b58\uff0c\u5c31\u5fc5\u987b\u8ba9\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6c14\u6ce1\u59cb\u7ec8\u4fdd\u6301\u5728\u6b63\u4e2d\u592e\u3002\u6bcf\u4e2a\u4eba\u9762\u524d\u90fd\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u6c34\u5e73\u4eea\u3002\u8fd9\u610f\u5473\u7740\uff0c\u5f53\u884c\u52a8\u8005 A \u770b\u5230\u81ea\u5df1\u9762\u524d\u7684\u6c14\u6ce1\u5c45\u4e2d\u4e86\uff0c\u4ed6\u4ee5\u4e3a\u81ea\u5df1\u5927\u529f\u544a\u6210\uff08\u5c40\u90e8\u6700\u4f18\uff09\uff1b\u4f46\u7531\u4e8e\u4e09\u89d2\u5f62\u7684\u529b\u5b66\u4f20\u5bfc\uff0c\u4ed6\u4e3a\u4e86\u8ba9\u81ea\u5df1\u5c45\u4e2d\u800c\u8c03\u6574\u65cb\u94ae\u7684\u52a8\u4f5c\uff0c\u5f88\u53ef\u80fd\u5df2\u7ecf\u628a\u884c\u52a8\u8005 B \u548c C \u90a3\u7aef\u7684\u5e73\u677f\u9ad8\u9ad8\u7fd8\u8d77\uff0c\u5bfc\u81f4\u53e6\u5916\u4e24\u8fb9\u7684\u6c14\u6ce1\u5f7b\u5e95\u5931\u63a7\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

3. \u7ef4\u514b\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u5de5\u5177\u80fd\u63cf\u7ed8\u51fa\u65e5\u5e38\u751f\u6d3b\u4e2d\u7edd\u5927\u591a\u6570\u7684\u620f\u5267\u6027\u51b2\u7a81\u3002\u8fd9\u91cc\u7684\u4f7f\u7528\u620f\u5267\u6027\u4e00\u8bcd\u6781\u5176\u4f20\u795e\uff0c\u5b83\u6697\u6307\u4e86\u73b0\u4ee3\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u7ecf\u5178\u5fc3\u7406\u56f0\u5883\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u6ca1\u6709\u4eba\u6545\u610f\u4f7f\u574f\uff0c\u4f46\u6bcf\u4e2a\u4eba\u7684\u656c\u4e1a\uff0c\u5728\u5176\u4ed6\u4eba\u773c\u4e2d\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u53cd\u5e38\u8868\u73b0\uff0c\u7a76\u7adf\u5982\u4f55\u620f\u5267\uff1f\u4e14\u770b\u4e0b\u6bb5\u5185\u5bb9\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u539f\u6587\uff1aTo see this point, look at person A<\/em> in Fig. 3.1. If person A<\/em> turns the knob in front of him, this raises or lowers his corner, depending on which way he turns the knob. Notice the precise direction the spirit level is facing. Suppose that the table is tilted and that the bubble is not in the center. Suppose further that A<\/em> wants to get the bubble into the center. How can this be done? A can’t<\/em> do it alone. Persons B<\/em> and C<\/em> have total control over the plane of the table that person A<\/em> must tilt to get the bubble centered. To see this property, notice where the circle is located in A<\/em>‘s spirit level. If A<\/em> turns his knob he will lower or raise his corner, but that simply moves the level up and down. This vertical movement is irrelevant to A<\/em>‘s problem; A<\/em> needs control over horizontal movement. And it is this kind of control that is in the hands of both B<\/em> and C<\/em>. As diagrammed in Fig. 3.1, the bubble is located in the left hand end. This means that the triangle is higher at person C<\/em>‘s point than it is at person B<\/em>‘s point. If C<\/em> were to lower the point and B<\/em> were to raise the point, then the bubble in A<\/em>‘s level would come back to the center.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\ud83d\udccc \u5b66\u4e60\u7b14\u8bb0<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u539f\u6587\uff1aThus, given the way the spirit levels are pointed, person A<\/em> is dependent on both person B<\/em> and person C<\/em> if the goal is to center the bubble. A<\/em> is dependent in the sense that he has no direct control over this outcome. A<\/em> does have some indirect control over this outcome, and it is this feature that makes the exact display of spirit levels in Fig. 3.1 an example of interdependence rather than an example of dependence. We said that A<\/em> has indirect control over whether his own level can be made horizontal. To see why this is so, simply put yourself in B<\/em>‘s chair. B<\/em> has the same problem that A<\/em> has. He also can’t control directly the table movements that will center his bubble; his fate is in the hands of A<\/em> and C<\/em>. As diagrammed, if C<\/em> lowers his corner and A<\/em> raises his, then B<\/em>‘s bubble will be centered. Thus A<\/em> is dependent on B<\/em> and C<\/em> to center his level, but B<\/em> is also dependent on A<\/em> and C<\/em> to center his. And the same holds true for C.<\/em> Any one person’s fate depends upon what the other two people do, but the person who is dependent on the others can also partially control their fate.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\ud83d\udccc \u5b66\u4e60\u7b14\u8bb0<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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