{"id":1476,"date":"2026-06-12T15:46:54","date_gmt":"2026-06-12T07:46:54","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/mooda.com.cn\/?page_id=1476"},"modified":"2026-06-12T15:46:54","modified_gmt":"2026-06-12T07:46:54","slug":"%e3%80%8a%e7%bb%84%e7%bb%87%e7%a4%be%e4%bc%9a%e5%bf%83%e7%90%86%e5%ad%a6%e3%80%8b%e5%ad%a6%e4%b9%a0%e7%ac%94%e8%ae%b0-039","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/mooda.com.cn\/?page_id=1476","title":{"rendered":"\u300a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u793e\u4f1a\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u300b\u5b66\u4e60\u7b14\u8bb0 039"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

\u63a5\u4e0a\u671f\uff1a<\/em>\u300a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u793e\u4f1a\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u300b\u5b66\u4e60\u7b14\u8bb0 038<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u539f\u6587\uff1aFurthermore, much of the low morale among social scientists may be traced to the fact that lay people don’t seem to implement their findings or give social scientists sufficient credit and support for their work. If you look at the tradeoffs in the GAS model, you can see why these reactions by lay people are inevitable. Scientists want to do relevant research that also has generality. But a completely general explanation (twelve o’clock research) is hard to generate and may, in fact, be nonexistent. This means that the person who wants to be relevant has the following choice: the person can either be wrong as he moves from twelve o’clock toward the ten o’clock position, or he can be obscure as he moves from twelve o’clock to two o’clock. It’s very unlikely that scientists who move in either direction will be regarded as saviors. It’s good to know what you’re doing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a\u800c\u4e14\uff0c\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u4e4b\u4e2d\u666e\u904d\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u4f4e\u843d\u58eb\u6c14\uff0c\u5f88\u5927\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u8ffd\u6eaf\u5230\u8fd9\u6837\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e8b\u5b9e\uff1a\u666e\u901a\u516c\u4f17\u4f3c\u4e4e\u65e2\u4e0d\u4f1a\u771f\u6b63\u91c7\u7eb3\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u4f1a\u7ed9\u4e88\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u8db3\u591f\u7684\u8ba4\u53ef\u4e0e\u652f\u6301\u3002\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u4eceGAS\u6a21\u578b\u4e2d\u7684\u5404\u79cd\u6743\u8861\u5173\u7cfb\u6765\u770b\uff0c\u5c31\u4f1a\u660e\u767d\uff0c\u516c\u4f17\u7684\u8fd9\u4e9b\u53cd\u5e94\u5176\u5b9e\u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u907f\u514d\u7684\u3002\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u5e0c\u671b\u5f00\u5c55\u65e2\u5177\u6709\u73b0\u5b9e\u76f8\u5173\u6027\u3001\u53c8\u5177\u5907\u666e\u904d\u6027\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u3002\u4f46\u4e00\u79cd\u5b8c\u5168\u666e\u9002\u6027\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\uff08\u5373\u2018\u5341\u4e8c\u70b9\u949f\u7814\u7a76\u2019\uff09\u662f\u6781\u96be\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u53ef\u80fd\u6839\u672c\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u3002\u8fd9\u610f\u5473\u7740\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u5e0c\u671b\u81ea\u8eab\u7814\u7a76\u5177\u6709\u73b0\u5b9e\u610f\u4e49\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u5c06\u9762\u4e34\u5982\u4e0b\u9009\u62e9\uff1a\u5f53\u4ed6\u4ece\u5341\u4e8c\u70b9\u949f\u4f4d\u7f6e\u5411\u5341\u70b9\u949f\u4f4d\u7f6e\u79fb\u52a8\u65f6\uff0c\u4ed6\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u53d8\u5f97\u2018\u9519\u8bef\u2019\uff1b\u800c\u5f53\u4ed6\u4ece\u5341\u4e8c\u70b9\u949f\u4f4d\u7f6e\u5411\u4e24\u70b9\u949f\u4f4d\u7f6e\u79fb\u52a8\u65f6\uff0c\u4ed6\u5219\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u53d8\u5f97\u2018\u6666\u6da9\u96be\u61c2\u2019\u3002\u90a3\u4e9b\u671d\u4efb\u4e00\u65b9\u5411\u79fb\u52a8\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\uff0c\u90fd\u4e0d\u592a\u53ef\u80fd\u88ab\u516c\u4f17\u89c6\u4e3a\u6551\u4e16\u4e3b\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u6e05\u695a\u81ea\u5df1\u7a76\u7adf\u5728\u505a\u4ec0\u4e48\uff0c\u662f\u4e00\u4ef6\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u4e8b\u3002\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\ud83d\udca1\u5b66\u4e60\u7b14\u8bb0\uff1a<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \n
  1. \u8fd9\u4e00\u5c0f\u8282\u7684\u6700\u540e\uff0cWeick\u628a\u201cGAS\u6a21\u578b\u201d\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u5ef6\u4f38\u5230\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u7684\u73b0\u5b9e\u5904\u5883\u4e4b\u4e2d\u3002\u4ed6\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u8bb8\u591a\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u957f\u671f\u4f4e\u843d\u58eb\u6c14\uff0c\u5176\u6839\u6e90\u5e76\u4e0d\u4ec5\u662f\u793e\u4f1a\u4e0d\u91cd\u89c6\u5b66\u672f\uff0c\u800c\u66f4\u6df1\u5c42\u5730\u6765\u81ea\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u7406\u8bba\u672c\u8eab\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\u6027\u9650\u5236\u3002\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u5f80\u5f80\u5e0c\u671b\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u65e2\u80fd\u591f\u89e3\u91ca\u73b0\u5b9e\u3001\u89e3\u51b3\u73b0\u5b9e\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u53c8\u80fd\u591f\u5177\u6709\u5e7f\u6cdb\u666e\u904d\u6027\uff0c\u5e76\u88ab\u516c\u4f17\u7406\u89e3\u548c\u63a5\u53d7\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0cGAS\u6a21\u578b\u8868\u660e\uff1a\u666e\u9002\u6027\u3001\u7cbe\u786e\u6027\u4e0e\u7b80\u6d01\u6027\u4e4b\u95f4\u5b58\u5728\u6839\u672c\u6743\u8861\uff0c\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u540c\u65f6\u8fbe\u5230\u6700\u5927\u5316\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u516c\u4f17\u5bf9\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u201c\u65e2\u4e0d\u5b8c\u5168\u4fe1\u4efb\u3001\u4e5f\u4e0d\u9ad8\u5ea6\u5d07\u62dc\u201d\uff0c\u5728\u67d0\u79cd\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u5176\u5b9e\u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u907f\u514d\u7684\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  2. Weick\u7279\u522b\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u771f\u6b63\u201c\u5b8c\u5168\u666e\u9002\u201d\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u7406\u8bba\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u53ef\u80fd\u6839\u672c\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u793e\u4f1a\u4e16\u754c\u4e0d\u540c\u4e8e\u81ea\u7136\u4e16\u754c\uff1a\u4eba\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u4f1a\u53d7\u5230\u5386\u53f2\u3001\u6587\u5316\u3001\u5236\u5ea6\u4e0e\u8ba4\u77e5\u7684\u6301\u7eed\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u5177\u6709\u53cd\u8eab\u6027\u3002\u793e\u4f1a\u7406\u8bba\u4e00\u65e6\u4f20\u64ad\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u4f1a\u6539\u53d8\u4eba\u4eec\u672c\u8eab\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u6a21\u5f0f\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u5929\u7136\u5904\u4e8e\u4e00\u79cd\u4e24\u96be\u72b6\u6001\uff1a\u5982\u679c\u7406\u8bba\u5411\u201c\u5341\u70b9\u949f\u65b9\u5411\u201d\u79fb\u52a8\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u7406\u8bba\u867d\u7136\u66f4\u5bb9\u6613\u4f20\u64ad\u3001\u66f4\u5177\u73b0\u5b9e\u5f71\u54cd\u529b\uff0c\u4f46\u7cbe\u786e\u6027\u4f1a\u4e0b\u964d\uff0c\u5bb9\u6613\u88ab\u6279\u8bc4\u4e3a\u201c\u9519\u8bef\u201d\uff1b\u800c\u5982\u679c\u7406\u8bba\u5411\u201c\u4e24\u70b9\u949f\u65b9\u5411\u201d\u79fb\u52a8\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u7814\u7a76\u4f1a\u66f4\u4e25\u5bc6\uff0c\u5374\u4e5f\u66f4\u6666\u6da9\u96be\u61c2\uff0c\u66f4\u96be\u8fdb\u5165\u516c\u5171\u8ba8\u8bba\u7a7a\u95f4\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  3. \u8fd9\u4e00\u6bb5Weick\u63d0\u9192\u793e\u4f1a\u7814\u7a76\u8005\uff0c\u4e0d\u5e94\u5e7b\u60f3\u81ea\u5df1\u6210\u4e3a\u6539\u53d8\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u201c\u6551\u4e16\u4e3b\u201d\u3002\u516c\u4f17\u4e4b\u6240\u4ee5\u96be\u4ee5\u5b8c\u5168\u63a5\u53d7\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0d\u53ea\u662f\u516c\u4f17\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u672c\u8eab\u5c31\u65e0\u6cd5\u50cf\u81ea\u7136\u79d1\u5b66\u90a3\u6837\u63d0\u4f9b\u7edd\u5bf9\u7a33\u5b9a\u3001\u7b80\u6d01\u4e14\u666e\u904d\u6709\u6548\u7684\u7b54\u6848\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u771f\u6b63\u6210\u719f\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u6001\u5ea6\uff0c\u4e0d\u662f\u6267\u7740\u4e8e\u83b7\u5f97\u666e\u904d\u8ba4\u53ef\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u6e05\u695a\u7406\u89e3\u81ea\u5df1\u7814\u7a76\u6240\u5728\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\u3001\u5b83\u80fd\u591f\u505a\u5230\u4ec0\u4e48\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5b83\u65e0\u6cd5\u505a\u5230\u4ec0\u4e48\u3002\u7406\u89e3\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u8fb9\u754c\uff0c\u672c\u8eab\u5c31\u662f\u7406\u8bba\u6210\u719f\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u7ec4\u6210\u90e8\u5206\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n

    Think \u201cing\u201d<\/strong>\u52a8\u6001\u601d\u8003<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u539f\u6587\uff1aOrganizations deal with streams of materials, people, money, time, solutions, problems, and choices. Streams can be a useful metaphor to portray the continuous flux associated with organizations, but there are some subtleties in this image. A stream might be visualized as a single homogenous viscous flow that moves at a constant rate. Such a visualization is unduly limiting as a portrait of organizational processes, and a more appropriate image would be that of multiple, heterogenous flows of diverse viscosity moving at variable rates. If you can visualize something moving between two points, and then visualize the points also moving, that’s what flows in organizations are like.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u53c2\u8003\u5168\u6587\uff1a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u8981\u5904\u7406\u7684\u662f\u5404\u79cd\u2018\u6d41\u2019\uff1a\u7269\u6599\u6d41\u3001\u4eba\u5458\u6d41\u3001\u8d44\u91d1\u6d41\u3001\u65f6\u95f4\u6d41\u3001\u89e3\u51b3\u65b9\u6848\u6d41\u3001\u95ee\u9898\u6d41\u4ee5\u53ca\u9009\u62e9\u6d41\u3002\u2018\u6d41\u2019\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u6709\u7528\u7684\u9690\u55bb\uff0c\u7528\u6765\u63cf\u7ed8\u7ec4\u7ec7\u6240\u5177\u6709\u7684\u6301\u7eed\u53d8\u52a8\u72b6\u6001\uff0c\u4f46\u8fd9\u4e00\u610f\u8c61\u4e2d\u8fd8\u5305\u542b\u4e00\u4e9b\u5fae\u5999\u4e4b\u5904\u3002\u4eba\u4eec\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u628a\u2018\u6d41\u2019\u60f3\u8c61\u6210\u4e00\u79cd\u5355\u4e00\u3001\u5747\u8d28\u3001\u9ecf\u7a20\u3001\u5e76\u4ee5\u6052\u5b9a\u901f\u5ea6\u79fb\u52a8\u7684\u6db2\u4f53\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u60f3\u8c61\u8fc7\u4e8e\u5c40\u9650\uff0c\u65e0\u6cd5\u771f\u5b9e\u63cf\u7ed8\u7ec4\u7ec7\u8fc7\u7a0b\u3002\u66f4\u5408\u9002\u7684\u56fe\u666f\uff0c\u5e94\u5f53\u662f\uff1a\u591a\u80a1\u5f02\u8d28\u6027\u7684\u6d41\u4f53\uff0c\u4ee5\u4e0d\u540c\u9ecf\u5ea6\u3001\u4e0d\u540c\u901f\u5ea6\u540c\u65f6\u8fd0\u52a8\u3002\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u80fd\u591f\u60f3\u8c61\uff1a\u67d0\u79cd\u4e1c\u897f\u6b63\u5728\u4e24\u4e2a\u70b9\u4e4b\u95f4\u79fb\u52a8\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u70b9\u672c\u8eab\u4e5f\u5728\u79fb\u52a8\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4e2d\u7684\u5404\u79cd\u6d41\u52a8\uff0c\u5927\u81f4\u5c31\u662f\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6837\u5b50\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \ud83d\udca1\u5b66\u4e60\u7b14\u8bb0\uff1a<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

      \n
    1. \u8fd9\u4e00\u6bb5\u4e2d\uff0cWeick\u901a\u8fc7\u201c\u6d41\u201d\u8fd9\u4e00\u9690\u55bb\uff0c\u5bf9\u7ec4\u7ec7\u672c\u8d28\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u8fc7\u7a0b\u5316\u91cd\u6784\u3002\u4f20\u7edf\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7406\u8bba\u5f80\u5f80\u503e\u5411\u4e8e\u628a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7406\u89e3\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u9759\u6001\u7684\u3001\u7a33\u5b9a\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u5c97\u4f4d\u4f53\u7cfb\u3001\u6743\u8d23\u5c42\u7ea7\u3001\u5236\u5ea6\u4e0e\u6d41\u7a0b\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u7ec4\u7ec7\u88ab\u60f3\u8c61\u6210\u4e00\u79cd\u53ef\u63a7\u5236\u7684\u5b9e\u4f53\u3002\u4f46Weick\u63d0\u51fa\uff0c\u7ec4\u7ec7\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u73b0\u5b9e\u72b6\u6001\uff0c\u66f4\u63a5\u8fd1\u5404\u79cd\u6301\u7eed\u6d41\u52a8\u8fc7\u7a0b\u7684\u4ea4\u7ec7\u3002\u7ec4\u7ec7\u6bcf\u5929\u90fd\u5728\u5904\u7406\u7269\u6599\u6d41\u3001\u4eba\u5458\u6d41\u3001\u8d44\u91d1\u6d41\u3001\u95ee\u9898\u6d41\u3001\u89e3\u51b3\u65b9\u6848\u6d41\u4e0e\u51b3\u7b56\u6d41\uff0c\u8fd9\u610f\u5473\u7740\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u201c\u5b58\u5728\u4e4b\u540e\u518d\u884c\u52a8\u201d\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u5728\u6301\u7eed\u6d41\u52a8\u4e2d\u4e0d\u65ad\u751f\u6210\u81ea\u8eab\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    2. \u5373\u4fbf\u201c\u6d41\u201d\u8fd9\u4e00\u9690\u55bb\u672c\u8eab\uff0c\u4e5f\u5bb9\u6613\u88ab\u4eba\u8bef\u89e3\u3002\u5f88\u591a\u4eba\u4f1a\u628a\u6d41\u60f3\u8c61\u6210\u4e00\u79cd\u5747\u8d28\u3001\u7a33\u5b9a\u3001\u5300\u901f\u8fd0\u52a8\u7684\u6db2\u4f53\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u7c7b\u4f3c\u5de5\u4e1a\u7ba1\u9053\u4e2d\u7684\u8f93\u9001\u8fc7\u7a0b\u3002\u7136\u800c\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4e2d\u7684\u6d41\u52a8\u5e76\u975e\u5982\u6b64\u7b80\u5355\u3002\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5185\u90e8\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u5b58\u5728\u5927\u91cf\u5f02\u8d28\u6027\u7684\u6d41\uff1a\u4fe1\u606f\u4f20\u64ad\u3001\u60c5\u7eea\u611f\u67d3\u3001\u8d44\u6e90\u914d\u7f6e\u3001\u6743\u529b\u5173\u7cfb\u4e0e\u5236\u5ea6\u60ef\u6027\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u5177\u6709\u5b8c\u5168\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u201c\u9ecf\u5ea6\u201d\u4e0e\u8fd0\u52a8\u901f\u5ea6\u3002\u6709\u4e9b\u6d41\u52a8\u6781\u5feb\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u5e02\u573a\u4fe1\u606f\u4e0e\u5371\u673a\u8206\u8bba\uff1b\u6709\u4e9b\u5219\u6781\u6162\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u7ec4\u7ec7\u6587\u5316\u4e0e\u6743\u529b\u7ed3\u6784\u3002\u66f4\u590d\u6742\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6d41\u52a8\u5f7c\u6b64\u5e76\u4e0d\u540c\u6b65\uff0c\u7ecf\u5e38\u53d1\u751f\u51b2\u7a81\u3001\u505c\u6ede\u3001\u56de\u6d41\u4e0e\u65ad\u88c2\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5e76\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u7edf\u4e00\u8282\u594f\uff0c\u800c\u66f4\u50cf\u591a\u4e2a\u52a8\u6001\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u4e34\u65f6\u8026\u5408\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    3. \u4e0d\u4ec5\u201c\u6d41\u201d\u672c\u8eab\u5728\u79fb\u52a8\uff0c\u8fde\u201c\u6d41\u52a8\u7684\u4e24\u7aef\u201d\u4e5f\u5728\u79fb\u52a8\u3002\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4e2d\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\u3001\u8fb9\u754c\u4e0e\u5173\u7cfb\u672c\u8eab\u90fd\u5904\u4e8e\u6301\u7eed\u53d8\u5316\u4e4b\u4e2d\u3002\u8fd9\u610f\u5473\u7740\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u201c\u7a33\u5b9a\u7ed3\u6784\u4e2d\u7684\u52a8\u6001\u6d41\u7a0b\u201d\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u8fde\u7ed3\u6784\u81ea\u8eab\u90fd\u4e0d\u65ad\u91cd\u6784\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u7cfb\u7edf\u3002\u5bf9\u4e8e\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7814\u7a76\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u8fd9\u610f\u5473\u7740\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u4e0d\u80fd\u4ec5\u4f9d\u8d56\u9759\u6001\u7ed3\u6784\u5206\u6790\uff0c\u800c\u5fc5\u987b\u5173\u6ce8\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5982\u4f55\u5728\u6301\u7eed\u53d8\u5316\u3001\u4e34\u65f6\u534f\u8c03\u4e0e\u52a8\u6001\u610f\u4e49\u5efa\u6784\u4e2d\u7ef4\u6301\u81ea\u8eab\u8fd0\u884c\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n

      \u539f\u6587\uff1aThe proverb has it that we never step twice into the same river. It is equally true that we never go to work twice in the same undertaking. It is also equally false; for these words “river” and “undertaking” do not denote unchanging substances, but continuing forms. The language of business and administration is full of such words. Capital, revenue, profit and loss; stock, throughput, turnover, plant; staff, wastage, workload, capacity; all these and a hundred others refer to relations and aspects of relations between inflows and outflows, distinguished by administrators in the complex process which it is their job to regulate. Some of these words define the state of a balance at a point in time, like the balance in a bank account or the water level in a reservoir. Others define a rate of flow, such as the output from a production line or the volume of water over a dam, in some unit of time. Yet others define the relation between two rates of flow, as do profit and loss. All are descriptive of relationships. There is nothing unusual in this. The familiar forms of language conceal from us the extent to which the objects of our attention are not “things” but relations extended in time. I stress this, because the most essential common characteristic of the administrator’s job in any organization is that he has to regulate a process extended in time (Vickers 1967. p. 68).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      \u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a\u6709\u4e00\u53e5\u8c1a\u8bed\u8bf4\uff1a\u6211\u4eec\u65e0\u6cd5\u4e24\u6b21\u8e0f\u5165\u540c\u4e00\u6761\u6cb3\u6d41\u3002\u540c\u6837\u5730\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4e5f\u65e0\u6cd5\u4e24\u6b21\u8d70\u8fdb\u540c\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e8b\u4e1a\u53bb\u5de5\u4f5c\u3002\u4f46\u540c\u6837\u5730\uff0c\u8fd9\u53e5\u8bdd\u53c8\u662f\u4e0d\u6210\u7acb\u7684\uff1b\u56e0\u4e3a\u201c\u6cb3\u6d41\u201d\u4e0e\u201c\u4e8b\u4e1a\u201d\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8bcd\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0d\u6307\u5411\u67d0\u79cd\u4e0d\u53d8\u7684\u5b9e\u4f53\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u6307\u5411\u4e00\u79cd\u6301\u7eed\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u3002\u5546\u4e1a\u4e0e\u884c\u653f\u7ba1\u7406\u7684\u8bed\u8a00\u4e2d\u5145\u6ee1\u4e86\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u8bcd\u6c47\u3002\u8d44\u672c\u3001\u6536\u5165\u3001\u5229\u6da6\u4e0e\u4e8f\u635f\uff1b\u5e93\u5b58\u3001\u541e\u5410\u91cf\u3001\u5468\u8f6c\u7387\u3001\u8bbe\u5907\uff1b\u4eba\u5458\u3001\u635f\u8017\u3001\u5de5\u4f5c\u8d1f\u8377\u3001\u4ea7\u80fd\uff0c\u6240\u6709\u8fd9\u4e9b\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5176\u4ed6\u6570\u767e\u4e2a\u7c7b\u4f3c\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u90fd\u6307\u5411\u6d41\u5165\u4e0e\u6d41\u51fa\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u7ba1\u7406\u8005\u5728\u5176\u804c\u8d23\u6240\u8981\u6c42\u8c03\u8282\u7684\u590d\u6742\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5173\u7cfb\u6240\u4f5c\u51fa\u7684\u533a\u5206\u3002\u5176\u4e2d\u4e00\u4e9b\u8bcd\u63cf\u8ff0\u7684\u662f\u67d0\u4e00\u65f6\u70b9\u4e0a\u7684\u5e73\u8861\u72b6\u6001\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u94f6\u884c\u8d26\u6237\u4f59\u989d\u6216\u6c34\u5e93\u6c34\u4f4d\u3002\u53e6\u4e00\u4e9b\u8bcd\u63cf\u8ff0\u7684\u662f\u67d0\u79cd\u6d41\u52a8\u901f\u7387\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u751f\u4ea7\u7ebf\u5728\u5355\u4f4d\u65f6\u95f4\u5185\u7684\u4ea7\u51fa\uff0c\u6216\u5927\u575d\u5355\u4f4d\u65f6\u95f4\u5185\u7684\u6cc4\u6c34\u91cf\u3002\u8fd8\u6709\u4e00\u4e9b\u8bcd\u5219\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e24\u79cd\u6d41\u901f\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u5229\u6da6\u4e0e\u4e8f\u635f\u3002\u6240\u6709\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8bcd\uff0c\u672c\u8d28\u4e0a\u90fd\u662f\u5bf9\u201c\u5173\u7cfb\u201d\u7684\u63cf\u8ff0\u3002\u8fd9\u5e76\u4e0d\u5947\u602a\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u719f\u6089\u7684\u8bed\u8a00\u5f62\u5f0f\u63a9\u76d6\u4e86\u8fd9\u6837\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e8b\u5b9e\uff1a\u6211\u4eec\u5173\u6ce8\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u201c\u4e8b\u7269\u201d\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u5ef6\u5c55\u4e8e\u65f6\u95f4\u4e2d\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u3002\u6211\u7279\u522b\u5f3a\u8c03\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u4efb\u4f55\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4e2d\u7ba1\u7406\u8005\u5de5\u4f5c\u7684\u6700\u6839\u672c\u5171\u540c\u7279\u5f81\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\uff1a\u4ed6\u5fc5\u987b\u8c03\u8282\u4e00\u79cd\u5728\u65f6\u95f4\u4e2d\u5c55\u5f00\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      \ud83d\udca1\u5b66\u4e60\u7b14\u8bb0\uff1a<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

        \n
      1. \u8fd9\u4e00\u6bb5\u4e2d\uff0cWeick\u5c55\u793a\u4e86\u7ef4\u514b\u65af\u501f\u7528\u8d6b\u62c9\u514b\u5229\u7279\u201c\u4eba\u4e0d\u80fd\u4e24\u6b21\u8e0f\u5165\u540c\u4e00\u6761\u6cb3\u6d41\u201d\u7684\u54f2\u5b66\u547d\u9898\uff0c\u5bf9\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4e0e\u7ba1\u7406\u7684\u672c\u8d28\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u6df1\u523b\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u5316\u91cd\u6784\u3002\u4ed6\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u540c\u6837\u65e0\u6cd5\u201c\u4e24\u6b21\u8fdb\u5165\u540c\u4e00\u4e2a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u53bb\u5de5\u4f5c\u201d\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u59cb\u7ec8\u5904\u4e8e\u6301\u7eed\u53d8\u5316\u4e4b\u4e2d\uff1a\u4eba\u5458\u5173\u7cfb\u3001\u8d44\u6e90\u7ed3\u6784\u3001\u73af\u5883\u538b\u529b\u3001\u4fe1\u606f\u6d41\u52a8\u4e0e\u7ec4\u7ec7\u610f\u4e49\u90fd\u5728\u4e0d\u65ad\u53d8\u5316\u3002\u4f46\u7ef4\u514b\u65af\u968f\u5373\u53c8\u8865\u5145\u8bf4\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u8bf4\u6cd5\u540c\u65f6\u53c8\u662f\u201c\u4e0d\u6210\u7acb\u201d\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u201c\u6cb3\u6d41\u201d\u4e0e\u201c\u7ec4\u7ec7\u201d\u867d\u7136\u4e0d\u65ad\u53d8\u5316\uff0c\u5374\u4f9d\u7136\u7ef4\u6301\u7740\u67d0\u79cd\u8fde\u7eed\u5f62\u5f0f\u3002\u8fd9\u91cc\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u63ed\u793a\u4e86\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u6838\u5fc3\u5f20\u529b\uff1a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u65e2\u4e0d\u662f\u9759\u6b62\u5b9e\u4f53\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u662f\u5b8c\u5168\u65e0\u5e8f\u7684\u53d8\u5316\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u201c\u6301\u7eed\u53d8\u5316\u4e2d\u7684\u7a33\u5b9a\u5f62\u5f0f\u201d\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n
      2. \u7ef4\u514b\u65af\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u901a\u8fc7\u5bf9\u7ba1\u7406\u8bed\u8a00\u7684\u62c6\u89e3\uff0c\u8bf4\u660e\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4e16\u754c\u672c\u8d28\u4e0a\u662f\u7531\u201c\u5173\u7cfb\u201d\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u201c\u4e8b\u7269\u201d\u6784\u6210\u7684\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\u5229\u6da6\u3001\u5e93\u5b58\u3001\u4ea7\u80fd\u3001\u5de5\u4f5c\u8d1f\u8377\u7b49\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u770b\u4f3c\u662f\u5177\u4f53\u5bf9\u8c61\uff0c\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u90fd\u63cf\u8ff0\u7684\u662f\u4e0d\u540c\u6d41\u5165\u4e0e\u6d41\u51fa\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u52a8\u6001\u5173\u7cfb\u3002\u6709\u4e9b\u6982\u5ff5\u53cd\u6620\u67d0\u4e00\u65f6\u70b9\u4e0a\u7684\u6682\u65f6\u5e73\u8861\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u8d26\u6237\u4f59\u989d\uff1b\u6709\u4e9b\u63cf\u8ff0\u6d41\u52a8\u901f\u7387\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u751f\u4ea7\u6548\u7387\uff1b\u8fd8\u6709\u4e00\u4e9b\u5219\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e0d\u540c\u6d41\u901f\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u5229\u6da6\u4e0e\u4e8f\u635f\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u7ba1\u7406\u8005\u771f\u6b63\u9762\u5bf9\u7684\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u4e00\u5806\u9759\u6001\u8d44\u6e90\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u5728\u65f6\u95f4\u4e2d\u6301\u7eed\u53d8\u5316\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u7ed3\u6784\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n
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        \u63a5\u4e0a\u671f\uff1a\u300a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u793e\u4f1a\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u300b\u5b66\u4e60\u7b14\u8bb0 038 \u539f\u6587\uff1aFurthermore, much of the low m … <\/p>\n

        \u7ee7\u7eed\u9605\u8bfb\u201c\u300a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u793e\u4f1a\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u300b\u5b66\u4e60\u7b14\u8bb0 039\u201d<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/mooda.com.cn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1476"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/mooda.com.cn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/mooda.com.cn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mooda.com.cn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mooda.com.cn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=1476"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/mooda.com.cn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1476\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1477,"href":"https:\/\/mooda.com.cn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1476\/revisions\/1477"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/mooda.com.cn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=1476"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}