{"id":1434,"date":"2026-06-01T16:40:06","date_gmt":"2026-06-01T08:40:06","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/mooda.com.cn\/?page_id=1434"},"modified":"2026-06-01T16:40:06","modified_gmt":"2026-06-01T08:40:06","slug":"%e3%80%8a%e7%bb%84%e7%bb%87%e7%a4%be%e4%bc%9a%e5%bf%83%e7%90%86%e5%ad%a6%e3%80%8b%e5%ad%a6%e4%b9%a0%e7%ac%94%e8%ae%b0-034","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/mooda.com.cn\/?page_id=1434","title":{"rendered":"\u300a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u793e\u4f1a\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u300b\u5b66\u4e60\u7b14\u8bb0 034"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><em>\u63a5\u4e0a\u671f\uff1a<\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/mp.weixin.qq.com\/s?__biz=MzI5MjIxMzQxMA==&amp;mid=2247493150&amp;idx=1&amp;sn=9193bf4158f198e7304c4830c35b6555&amp;scene=21#wechat_redirect\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">\u300a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u793e\u4f1a\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u300b\u5b66\u4e60\u7b14\u8bb0 033<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u539f\u6587\uff1aCampbell&#8217;s (1975) recent second thoughts about case studies stem from his insight that investigators who use case studies can obtain the equivalent of degrees of freedom in statistical tests by using multiple theoretical implications. The argument is this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a\u574e\u8d1d\u5c14\u8fd1\u671f\u5bf9\u6848\u4f8b\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u91cd\u65b0\u601d\u8003\uff0c\u6e90\u4e8e\u4ed6\u7684\u4e00\u9879\u6d1e\u89c1\uff1a\u4f7f\u7528\u6848\u4f8b\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u8fd0\u7528\u591a\u91cd\u7406\u8bba\u8574\u6db5\uff0c\u6765\u83b7\u5f97\u7edf\u8ba1\u68c0\u9a8c\u4e2d\u81ea\u7531\u5ea6\u7684\u7b49\u4ef7\u7269\u3002\u5176\u8bba\u8bc1\u5982\u4e0b\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u539f\u6587\uff1aIn a case study done by an alert social scientist who has thorough local acquaintance, the theory he uses to explain the focal difference also generates predictions or expectations on dozens of other aspects of the culture, and he does not retain the theory unless most of these are also confirmed. In some sense, he has tested the theory with degrees of freedom coming from multiple implications of any one theory (1975, pp. 181-82).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u7531\u673a\u654f\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u6240\u505a\u7684\u6848\u4f8b\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u2014\u2014\u8be5\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u5bf9\u5f53\u5730\u60c5\u51b5\u62e5\u6709\u900f\u5f7b\u7684\u4e86\u89e3\u2014\u2014\u4ed6\u7528\u4e8e\u89e3\u91ca\u6838\u5fc3\u5dee\u5f02\u7684\u7406\u8bba\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u4e5f\u4f1a\u5bf9\u8be5\u6587\u5316\u7684\u6570\u5341\u4e2a\u5176\u4ed6\u65b9\u9762\u4ea7\u751f\u9884\u6d4b\u6216\u9884\u671f\uff1b\u9664\u975e\u8fd9\u4e9b\u9884\u6d4b\u4e2d\u7684\u5927\u591a\u6570\u4e5f\u5f97\u5230\u8bc1\u5b9e\uff0c\u5426\u5219\u4ed6\u4e0d\u4f1a\u4fdd\u7559\u8be5\u7406\u8bba\u3002\u5728\u67d0\u79cd\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\uff0c\u4ed6\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u5355\u4e00\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u591a\u79cd\u8574\u6db5\u6240\u83b7\u5f97\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u5ea6\u6765\u68c0\u9a8c\u8be5\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\ud83d\udca1\u5b66\u4e60\u7b14\u8bb0\uff1a<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol>\n<li>\u8fd9\u4e00\u6bb5\uff0cWeick\u901a\u8fc7\u5bf9\u574e\u8d1d\u5c14\u7684\u5f15\u7528\uff0c\u8bf4\u660e\u4e86\u5982\u4f55\u4f7f\u6848\u4f8b\u7814\u7a76\u505a\u5230\u4e0e\u5b9e\u9a8c\u7814\u7a76\u540c\u7b49\u4e25\u8c28\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u2014\u2014\u901a\u8fc7\u5355\u4e00\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u8574\u542b\u6570\u91cf\u589e\u52a0\u6765\u5b9e\u73b0\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\uff0c\u6848\u4f8b\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u4e25\u8c28\u6027\u4e0d\u662f\u6765\u81ea\u65b9\u6cd5\u7684\u6807\u51c6\u5316\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u6765\u81ea\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u7684\u7d20\u8d28\u2014\u2014\u673a\u654f\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u574e\u8d1d\u5c14\u7684\u91cd\u65b0\u601d\u8003\u8868\u660e\u4e86\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u65b9\u6cd5\u8bba\u7684\u8f6c\u5411\u300260\u5e74\u4ee3\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5b9e\u9a8c\u8bbe\u8ba1\u662f\u91d1\u6807\u51c6\uff0c\u800c\u6848\u4f8b\u7814\u7a76\u662f\u524d\u79d1\u5b66\uff0c\u800c\u523070\u5e74\u4ee3\uff0c\u91cd\u65b0\u601d\u8003\u540e\uff0c\u8ba4\u53ef\u6848\u4f8b\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u6848\u4f8b\u7814\u7a76\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u591a\u91cd\u8574\u6db5\u5b9e\u73b0\u540c\u6837\u7684\u4e25\u8c28\u6027\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u6240\u4ee5\u516d\u70b9\u949f\u65b9\u5411\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u7814\u7a76\u4e0d\u662f\u4e0d\u4e25\u8c28\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u8981\u5728\u51c6\u786e\u6027\u548c\u7b80\u5355\u6027\u7684\u7ea6\u675f\u4e0b\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u60c5\u5883\u4e0d\u540c\u548c\u591a\u91cd\u8574\u6db5\uff0c\u83b7\u5f97\u5bf9\u5c40\u90e8\u73b0\u5b9e\u7684\u6df1\u523b\u7406\u89e3\u3002\u516d\u70b9\u949f\u65b9\u5411\u7684\u4e25\u8c28\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u6848\u4f8b\u7814\u7a76\u540c\u6837\u53ef\u4ee5\u83b7\u5f97\u4e25\u8c28\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p>\u539f\u6587\uff1aThus the intensive case study may have a capacity to reject theories. If people become compulsive about recording the thought experiments that emerge in a given setting from a given theory, and if they record both the implication and the test, then it is likely that they will not be so culpable when confronted by people who use more quantitative strategies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u6df1\u5165\u7ec6\u81f4\u7684\u6848\u4f8b\u7814\u7a76\u53ef\u80fd\u5177\u5907\u62d2\u65a5\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u3002\u5982\u679c\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u4eec\u5f3a\u8feb\u6027\u5730\u8bb0\u5f55\u4ece\u67d0\u4e00\u7279\u5b9a\u7406\u8bba\u5728\u67d0\u4e00\u7279\u5b9a\u60c5\u5883\u4e2d\u6d8c\u73b0\u51fa\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u5b9e\u9a8c\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u5982\u679c\u4ed6\u4eec\u540c\u65f6\u8bb0\u5f55\u5176\u8574\u6db5\u4e0e\u68c0\u9a8c\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u5f53\u4ed6\u4eec\u9762\u5bf9\u4f7f\u7528\u66f4\u591a\u91cf\u5316\u7b56\u7565\u7684\u4eba\u65f6\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5f88\u53ef\u80fd\u5c31\u4e0d\u4f1a\u90a3\u4e48\u6709\u8fc7\u9519\u611f\/\u53ef\u6307\u8d23\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\ud83d\udca1\u5b66\u4e60\u7b14\u8bb0\uff1a<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol>\n<li>Weick\u5728\u6b64\u7ee7\u7eed\u6df1\u5165\u6848\u4f8b\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u63d0\u51fa\u6848\u4f8b\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u8bc1\u4f2a\u4e0d\u662f\u201d\u8bc1\u660e\u7406\u8bba\u4e3a\u5047\u201d\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u201d\u7406\u8bba\u9884\u6d4b\u4e0e\u89c2\u5bdf\u6a21\u5f0f\u4e0d\u4e00\u81f4&#8221;\u2014\u2014\u8fd9\u79cd\u4e0d\u4e00\u81f4\u5728\u5355\u4e00\u6848\u4f8b\u4e2d\u5373\u53ef\u663e\u73b0\uff0c\u65e0\u9700\u7b49\u5f85\u7edf\u8ba1\u663e\u8457\u6027\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Weick\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u6848\u4f8b\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u4e25\u8c28\u6027\u4e0d\u6765\u81ea\u65b9\u6cd5\u672c\u8eab\uff0c\u800c\u6765\u81ea\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u7684\u81ea\u6211\u7ea6\u675f\u2014\u2014\u8fd9\u79cd\u7ea6\u675f\u5fc5\u987b\u8fbe\u5230\u201d\u5f3a\u8feb\u6027\u201d\u7a0b\u5ea6\uff0c\u624d\u80fd\u62b5\u5fa1\u201d\u4e0d\u591f\u79d1\u5b66\u201d\u7684\u6307\u8d23\u3002\u5373\u6848\u4f8b\u7814\u7a76\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7&#8221;\u5f3a\u8feb\u6027\u8bb0\u5f55\u601d\u60f3\u5b9e\u9a8c&#8221;\u6765\u5b9e\u73b0\u7406\u8bba\u62d2\u65a5\u529f\u80fd\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u5728\u9762\u5bf9\u91cf\u5316\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u65f6\u964d\u4f4e\u8fc7\u9519\u611f\uff0c\u5f53\u7136\u8fd9\u79cd\u8bb0\u5f55\u5fc5\u987b\u540c\u65f6\u5305\u542b\u7406\u8bba\u8574\u6db5\u4e0e\u5b9e\u9645\u68c0\u9a8c\uff0c\u5f62\u6210\u900f\u660e\u7684\u3001\u53ef\u4e89\u8bba\u7684\u9a8c\u8bc1\u94fe\u6761\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p>\u539f\u6587\uff1aQualitative researchers need not blindly spot more quantitative opponents the advantage, even on the issue of confirmation. Lancelot Whyte, a well-known physicist and historian of ideas, has argued that the truth value of any statement in science in the last analysis is evaluated by one criterion only: &#8220;how deeply acquainted with the phenomena, how non-defensive, how truly open to all facets of his experiencing, is the scientist who perceived the pattern and put it to test&#8221; (Rowan 1974, p. 95).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a\u8d28\u6027\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u4e0d\u5fc5\u76f2\u76ee\u5730\u8ba9\u91cf\u5316\u7814\u7a76\u5bf9\u624b\u5360\u636e\u4f18\u52bf\uff0c\u5373\u4fbf\u5728\u786e\u8bc1\u8fd9\u4e00\u8bae\u9898\u4e0a\u4e5f\u662f\u5982\u6b64\u3002\u5170\u65af\u6d1b\u7279\u00b7\u6000\u7279\u4e00\u4f4d\u8457\u540d\u7684\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u517c\u89c2\u5ff5\u53f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u4e3b\u5f20\uff0c\u79d1\u5b66\u4e2d\u4efb\u4f55\u9648\u8ff0\u7684\u771f\u7406\u4ef7\u503c\uff0c\u5f52\u6839\u7ed3\u5e95\u4ec5\u7531\u4e00\u6761\u6807\u51c6\u8bc4\u5224\uff1a\u201d\u90a3\u4f4d\u611f\u77e5\u5230\u6a21\u5f0f\u5e76\u5c06\u5176\u4ed8\u8bf8\u68c0\u9a8c\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\uff0c\u5bf9\u73b0\u8c61\u7684\u4e86\u89e3\u6709\u591a\u6df1\u3001\u591a\u4e48\u4e0d\u8bbe\u9632\u3001\u591a\u4e48\u771f\u6b63\u5730\u5411\u5176\u4f53\u9a8c\u7684\u6240\u6709\u9762\u5411\u655e\u5f00&#8221;\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\ud83d\udca1\u5b66\u4e60\u7b14\u8bb0\uff1a<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol>\n<li>\u5170\u65af\u6d1b\u7279\u00b7\u6000\u7279\u662f\u4e00\u4f4d\u88ab\u4f4e\u4f30\u7684\u7269\u5b66\u5bb6\u3001\u601d\u60f3\u5bb6\uff0c\u662f20\u4e16\u7eaa\u65e9\u671f\u590d\u6742\u7cfb\u7edf\u601d\u60f3\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u5148\u9a71\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c\u4ed6\u7279\u522b\u4e13\u6ce8\u79e9\u5e8f\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u4ece\u6df7\u4e71\u4e2d\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\uff0c\u4ed6\u53cd\u5bf9\u673a\u68b0\u8bba\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u89c2\uff0c\u4ed6\u8ba4\u4e3a\u751f\u547d\u4e0e\u793e\u4f1a\u4e0d\u662f\u673a\u5668\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u52a8\u6001\u751f\u6210\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u3002\u4ed6\u6bd4\u5723\u5854\u83f2\u7814\u7a76\u6240\u66f4\u65e9\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u8fd9\u91cc\uff0cWeick\u8bb2\u6000\u7279\u7684\u89c2\u5ff5\u4e0e\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u60f3\u6cd5\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u6574\u5408\uff1aWhyte\u7684\u4e09\u91cd\u6807\u51c6\u2014\u2014\u6df1\u5ea6\u4e86\u89e3\u3001\u975e\u9632\u5fa1\u6027\u3001\u5b8c\u5168\u655e\u5f00\u2014\u2014\u6b63\u662f\u673a\u654f\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u7684\u5b8c\u6574\u753b\u50cf\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Weick\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u8d28\u6027\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u4e0d\u5fc5\u5728\u786e\u8bc1\u95ee\u9898\u4e0a\u5411\u91cf\u5316\u7814\u7a76\u4f4e\u5934\u2014\u2014\u79d1\u5b66\u771f\u7406\u7684\u6700\u7ec8\u6807\u51c6\u4e0d\u662f\u65b9\u6cd5\u5f62\u5f0f\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u7684\u4e3b\u4f53\u72b6\u6001\uff1a\u6df1\u5ea6\u4e86\u89e3\u3001\u975e\u9632\u5fa1\u6027\u3001\u5b8c\u5168\u655e\u5f00\u3002\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u6000\u7279\u7684\u80cc\u4e66\u8bc1\u660e\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u6807\u51c6\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u6240\u6709\u79d1\u5b66\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u672c\u8eab\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p>\u539f\u6587\uff1aLest all of this be interpreted as license for endless, groundless, needless case studies of organizations, it&#8217;s important to realize that investigators must simultaneously proliferate their theoretical degrees of freedom as well as their observations. Many pseudo-observers, trying to imitate Woodward and Bernstein&#8217;s Watergate coup, seem bent on describing everything and, as a result, describe nothing. It can be argued that the current upswing in social science enthusiasm for ethnography, thick description, grounded theory, and case studies is partly a symptom of the Watergate&nbsp;<em>Zeitgeist<\/em>. What&#8217;s worrisome is that relatively little discernment seems to be applied to the zeal for description (Leonard 1977). Seemingly, the more that is contained in the description, the better the description is felt to be.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a\u552f\u6050\u4e0a\u8ff0\u4e00\u5207\u88ab\u89e3\u8bfb\u4e3a\u5bf9\u7ec4\u7ec7\u8fdb\u884c\u65e0\u4f11\u6b62\u3001\u65e0\u6839\u57fa\u3001\u65e0\u5fc5\u8981\u7684\u6848\u4f8b\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u8bb8\u53ef\u8bc1\uff0c\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u5fc5\u987b\u8ba4\u8bc6\u5230\uff1a\u4ed6\u4eec\u5fc5\u987b\u540c\u65f6\u6fc0\u589e\u5176\u7406\u8bba\u81ea\u7531\u5ea6\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u6fc0\u589e\u5176\u89c2\u5bdf\u3002\u8bb8\u591a\u4f2a\u89c2\u5bdf\u8005\u2014\u2014\u8bd5\u56fe\u6a21\u4eff\u4f0d\u5fb7\u6c83\u5fb7\u548c\u4f2f\u6069\u65af\u5766\u5728\u6c34\u95e8\u4e8b\u4ef6\u4e2d\u7684\u6210\u529f\u7a81\u88ad\u2014\u2014\u4f3c\u4e4e\u4e00\u5fc3\u8981\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e00\u5207\uff0c\u7ed3\u679c\u53cd\u800c\u4ec0\u4e48\u90fd\u6ca1\u63cf\u8ff0\u3002\u53ef\u4ee5\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u5f53\u524d\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u5bf9\u6c11\u65cf\u5fd7\u3001\u6df1\u63cf\u3001\u624e\u6839\u7406\u8bba\u548c\u6848\u4f8b\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u70ed\u60c5\u9ad8\u6da8\uff0c\u90e8\u5206\u662f\u6c34\u95e8\u65f6\u4ee3\u7cbe\u795e\u7684\u75c7\u72b6\u3002\u4ee4\u4eba\u62c5\u5fe7\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u63cf\u8ff0\u7684\u70ed\u60c5\uff0c\u4f3c\u4e4e\u6781\u5c11\u8fa8\u522b\u529b\u88ab\u52a0\u4ee5\u8fd0\u7528\u3002\u8868\u9762\u4e0a\u770b\u6765\uff0c\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e2d\u5305\u542b\u5f97\u8d8a\u591a\uff0c\u8be5\u63cf\u8ff0\u5c31\u88ab\u611f\u89c9\u4e3a\u8d8a\u597d\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\ud83d\udca1\u5b66\u4e60\u7b14\u8bb0\uff1a<\/strong><br>Weick\u5728\u8fd9\u4e00\u6bb5\u7a81\u7136\u8f6c\u5411\u81ea\u6211\u6279\u5224\uff0c\u4ee5\u9632\u6b62\u524d\u6587\u5bf9\u6848\u4f8b\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u8fa9\u62a4\u88ab\u8bef\u89e3\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol>\n<li>Weick\u4f7f\u7528\u8bb8\u53ef\u8bc1license\u4e00\u8bcd\u4f5c\u4e3a\u9690\u55bb\uff0c\u6697\u6307\u5408\u6cd5\u6027\u662f\u6709\u6761\u4ef6\u7684\uff0c\u4e0d\u662f\u65e0\u6761\u4ef6\u7684\u3002\u6279\u5224\u4e86\u65e0\u4f11\u6b62\u7684\uff08\u6570\u91cf\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u591a\uff09\u3001\u65e0\u6839\u57fa\u7684\uff08\u6ca1\u6709\u7406\u8bba\u6307\u5bfc\u7684\u76f2\u76ee\u89c2\u5bdf\uff09\u53ca\u65e0\u5fc5\u8981\uff08\u7814\u7a76\u95ee\u9898\u672c\u8eab\u6ca1\u4ef7\u503c\uff09\u7684\u6848\u4f8b\u7814\u7a76\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u6848\u4f8b\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\uff0c\u6fc0\u589e\u89c2\u5bdf\u7684\u540c\u65f6\u5fc5\u987b\u6fc0\u589e\u7406\u8bba\u8574\u6db5\uff0c\u5426\u5219\u89c2\u5bdf\u53ea\u662f\u6570\u636e\u7684\u5806\u780c\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u4ee5\u4f2a\u89c2\u5bdf\u7740\u8bd5\u56fe\u6a21\u4eff\u534e\u76db\u987f\u90ae\u62a5\u8bb0\u8005\u4f0d\u5fb7\u6c83\u5fb7\u53ca\u4f2f\u6069\u65af\u5766\u4e3a\u4f8b\uff0c\u6697\u793a\u6ca1\u6709\u65b9\u6cd5\u8bba\u57fa\u7840\u7684\u76f2\u76ee\u6a21\u4eff\u3001\u76f2\u76ee\u6316\u6398\u3001\u6570\u636e\u5806\u780c\u5f0f\u7684\u8c03\u67e5\u662f\u6ca1\u6709\u610f\u4e49\u7684\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u8fd9\u91cc\u518d\u6b21\u63d0\u5230\u4e86\u6df1\u63cf\uff0c\u91cd\u7533\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u6df1\u63cf\u662f\u7406\u8bba\u5bc6\u96c6\u7684\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u6316\u6398\u591a\u5c42\u7684\u6587\u5316\u610f\u4e49\uff0c\u4e3a\u4e86\u66f4\u591a\u7406\u89e3\u4ed6\u8005\u7684\u610f\u4e49\u4e16\u754c\u800c\u63cf\u5199\uff1b\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u6570\u636e\u5bc6\u96c6\u3001\u4e8b\u65e0\u5de8\u7ec6\u7684\u8bb0\u5f55\u3001\u4e3a\u4e86\u5c55\u793a\u52e4\u594b\u7684\u5806\u780c\u5f0f\u63cf\u5199\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u8ffd\u6c42\u6570\u91cf\u4e0d\u6c42\u8d28\u91cf\u7684\u5806\u780c\uff0c\u770b\u4f3c\u4e30\u5bcc\uff0c\u5b9e\u5219\u7a7a\u6d1e\u7684\u4f2a\u88c5\u662fWeick\u6240\u53cd\u5bf9\u7684\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u6848\u4f8b\u7814\u7a76\u4e0d\u662f\u201d\u63cf\u8ff0\u8d8a\u591a\u8d8a\u597d&#8221;\uff0c\u800c\u662f&#8221;\u7406\u8bba\u8574\u6db5\u8d8a\u4e30\u5bcc\u3001\u89c2\u5bdf\u9a8c\u8bc1\u8d8a\u7cbe\u786e\u8d8a\u597d&#8221;\u3002\u6ca1\u6709\u7406\u8bba\u6fc0\u589e\u7684\u89c2\u5bdf\u6fc0\u589e\uff0c\u53ea\u662f\u4f2a\u89c2\u5bdf\u8005\u7684\u81ea\u6211\u8868\u6f14\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p>\u539f\u6587\uff1aTwo things are necessary to offset those trends. First, more than ever we need to invest in theory to keep some intellectual control over the burgeoning set of case descriptions (e.g., Smith and Pohland 1976). Second, those people who insist on doing case descriptions should be encouraged to adopt the model of theoretical degrees of freedom and to supply a contextual embedding along with at least partial theoretical interpretation of those descriptions they feel other people should take the time to read.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a\u6709\u4e24\u9879\u4e3e\u63aa\u662f\u77eb\u6b63\u4e0a\u8ff0\u8d8b\u52bf\u6240\u5fc5\u9700\u7684\u3002\u9996\u5148\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u6bd4\u4ee5\u5f80\u4efb\u4f55\u65f6\u5019\u90fd\u66f4\u9700\u8981\u6295\u8d44\u7406\u8bba\uff0c\u4ee5\u5bf9\u6fc0\u589e\u7684\u6848\u4f8b\u63cf\u8ff0\u4fdd\u6301\u67d0\u79cd\u77e5\u8bc6\u4e0a\u7684\u638c\u63a7\u3002\u5176\u6b21\uff0c\u5e94\u5f53\u9f13\u52b1\u90a3\u4e9b\u6267\u610f\u8981\u505a\u6848\u4f8b\u63cf\u8ff0\u7684\u4eba\u91c7\u7eb3\u7406\u8bba\u81ea\u7531\u5ea6\u6a21\u578b\uff0c\u5e76\u4e3a\u5176\u63cf\u8ff0\u63d0\u4f9b\u60c5\u5883\u5d4c\u5165\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u81f3\u5c11\u90e8\u5206\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u8be0\u91ca\u2014\u2014\u8fd9\u4e9b\u63cf\u8ff0\u4ed6\u4eec\u8ba4\u4e3a\u503c\u5f97\u4ed6\u4eba\u82b1\u65f6\u95f4\u9605\u8bfb\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\ud83d\udca1\u5b66\u4e60\u7b14\u8bb0\uff1a<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol>\n<li>Weick\u5728\u6b64\u4f7f\u7528\u4e86\u7ea0\u6b63\uff08offset\uff09\u4e00\u8bcd\uff0c\u7ea0\u6b63\u4ec0\u4e48\uff1f\u5982\u4f55\u7ea0\u6b63\uff1f\u7ea0\u6b63\u4e0d\u662f\u6d88\u706d\u6216\u7981\u6b62\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u5e73\u8861\u3002\u901a\u8fc7\u7406\u8bba\u6295\u8d44\u8fbe\u5230\u667a\u8bc6\u638c\u63a7\u6765\u7ea0\u6b63\u65e0\u4f11\u6b62\uff1b\u901a\u8fc7\u7406\u8bba\u81ea\u7531\u5ea6\u6a21\u578b\u5b9e\u73b0\u7406\u8bba\u6fc0\u589e\u6765\u7ea0\u6b63\u65e0\u6839\u57fa\uff1b\u901a\u8fc7\u60c5\u5883\u5d4c\u5165\u52a0\u5c11\u90e8\u5206\u7406\u8bba\u8be0\u91ca\u5f62\u6210\u7684\u7b5b\u9009\u673a\u5236\u6765\u7ea0\u6b63\u65e0\u5fc5\u8981\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u6709\u5173\u667a\u8bc6\u638c\u63a7\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e0d\u662f\u653f\u6cbb\u63a7\u5236\u3001\u4e5f\u4e0d\u662f\u884c\u653f\u63a7\u5236\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u5728\u8ba4\u8bc6\u8bba\u3001\u7f8e\u5b66\u53ca\u4f26\u7406\u5c42\u9762\u7684\u638c\u63a7\u3002\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u89c2\u5bdf\u524d\u5e94\u5148\u6709\u7406\u8bba\u9884\u6d4b\uff0c\u4ee5\u533a\u5206\u4ec0\u4e48\u662f\u503c\u5f97\u7684\uff0c\u4ec0\u4e48\u662f\u53ef\u4ee5\u5ffd\u7565\u7684\uff1b\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u7684\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e2d\u5e94\u5f53\u6709\u60c5\u5883\u5d4c\u5165\uff0c\u4ee5\u7504\u522b\u90a3\u4e9b\u662f\u6709\u4ef7\u503c\u53ef\u8fc1\u79fb\u7684\uff0c\u54ea\u4e9b\u662f\u6ca1\u4ef7\u503c\u7684\uff1b\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u5e94\u8be5\u53ea\u6709\u6709\u90e8\u5206\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u8be0\u91ca\uff0c\u624d\u503c\u5f97\u8ba9\u4ed6\u4eba\u9605\u8bfb\u7b49\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u6709\u5173\u5e94\u8be5\u6295\u8d44\u7406\u8bba\uff0c\u8fd9\u6307\u7684\u662f\u5e94\u5173\u6ce8\u66f4\u6df1\u539a\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u8bad\u7ec3\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u66f4\u5148\u8fdb\u7684\u7edf\u8ba1\u8f6f\u4ef6\uff1b\u66f4\u4e30\u5bcc\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u8574\u6db5\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u66f4\u5927\u7684\u6837\u672c\u91cf\uff1b\u66f4\u654f\u9510\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u654f\u611f\u5ea6\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u66f4\u590d\u6742\u7684\u5b9e\u9a8c\u8bbe\u8ba1\uff1b\u66f4\u5f3a\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u6574\u5408\u80fd\u529b\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u7530\u91ce\u65f6\u95f4\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\u65b9\u6cd5\u53ef\u4ee5\u5916\u5305\uff0c\u4f46\u7406\u8bba\u80fd\u529b\u5fc5\u987b\u5185\u5d4c\u4e8e\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u672c\u8eab\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u5176\u5b9e\u82b1\u65f6\u95f4\u9605\u8bfb\u4e5f\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u6295\u8d44\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u8bfb\u8005\u6295\u5165\u65f6\u95f4\uff0c\u5374\u6ca1\u6709\u83b7\u5f97\u671f\u5f85\u7684\u667a\u529b\u56de\u62a5\uff08\u6709\u7406\u8bba\u8be0\u91ca\u7684\u63cf\u8ff0\uff09\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u8d1f\u7684\u56de\u62a5\u3002\u77eb\u6b63\u6848\u4f8b\u7814\u7a76\u6cdb\u6ee5\u8d8b\u52bf\u9700\u8981\u53cc\u91cd\u4e3e\u63aa\uff1a\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u6295\u8d44\u7406\u8bba\u4ee5\u7ef4\u6301\u667a\u8bc6\u638c\u63a7\uff0c\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u91c7\u7eb3\u7406\u8bba\u81ea\u7531\u5ea6\u6a21\u578b\u5e76\u63d0\u4f9b\u60c5\u5883\u5d4c\u5165\u4e0e\u9002\u5ea6\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u8be0\u91ca\u3002\u6ca1\u6709\u7406\u8bba\u652f\u6491\u7684\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e0d\u503c\u5f97\u4ed6\u4eba\u9605\u8bfb\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p>\uff08\u4e0b\u4e00\u671f\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u7ee7\u7eed\u5b66\u4e60\uff09<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u672c\u6587\u9009\u81ea\u5361\u5c14\u00b7E\u00b7\u97e6\u514b\u300a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5316\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\uff08\u7b2c\u4e8c\u7248\uff09\u300b\u76f8\u5173\u7ae0\u8282\uff0c\u539f\u4e66\u4e3a\uff1a<em>The Social Psychology of Organizing (Second Edition)<\/em>\uff0cKarl E. Weick \uff0cADDISON-WESLEY PUBLISHING COMPANY\uff0c1979\u3002\u4e3a\u9605\u8bfb\u53ca\u6392\u7248\u4fbf\u5229\uff0c\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u4e2d\u5220\u53bb\u4e86\u90e8\u5206\u6ce8\u91ca\uff0c\u6709\u9700\u8981\u7684\u8bfb\u8005\u53ef\u53c2\u8003\u539f\u6587\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u58f0\u660e\uff1a\u672c\u7b14\u8bb0\u5185\u5bb9\u4e3a\u4e2a\u4eba\u7814\u8bfb\u7ba1\u7406\u5b66\u7684\u5b66\u4e60\u7b14\u8bb0\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\uff1a\u5bf9\u539f\u6587\u7684\u4e2a\u4eba\u7ffb\u8bd1\u3001\u4e2a\u4eba\u89e3\u8bfb\u3001\u903b\u8f91\u68b3\u7406\u3001\u601d\u8003\u8bc4\u8bba\u53ca\u77e5\u8bc6\u62d3\u5c55\u7b49\u5185\u5bb9\u3002\u5b66\u4e60\u7b14\u8bb0\u4ec5\u4ee3\u8868\u4e2a\u4eba\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u4ec5\u7528\u4e8e\u5b66\u672f\u4ea4\u6d41\u53ca\u514d\u8d39\u5206\u4eab\uff0c\u65e0\u4efb\u4f55\u5546\u4e1a\u76ee\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u63a5\u4e0a\u671f\uff1a\u300a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u793e\u4f1a\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u300b\u5b66\u4e60\u7b14\u8bb0 033 \u539f\u6587\uff1aCampbell&#8217;s (1975) recent &hellip; <\/p>\n<p class=\"link-more\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mooda.com.cn\/?page_id=1434\" class=\"more-link\">\u7ee7\u7eed\u9605\u8bfb<span class=\"screen-reader-text\">\u201c\u300a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u793e\u4f1a\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u300b\u5b66\u4e60\u7b14\u8bb0 034\u201d<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/mooda.com.cn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1434"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/mooda.com.cn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/mooda.com.cn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mooda.com.cn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mooda.com.cn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=1434"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/mooda.com.cn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1434\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1435,"href":"https:\/\/mooda.com.cn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1434\/revisions\/1435"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/mooda.com.cn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=1434"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}