{"id":1391,"date":"2026-05-25T17:10:48","date_gmt":"2026-05-25T09:10:48","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/mooda.com.cn\/?page_id=1391"},"modified":"2026-05-25T17:10:48","modified_gmt":"2026-05-25T09:10:48","slug":"%e3%80%8a%e7%bb%84%e7%bb%87%e7%a4%be%e4%bc%9a%e5%bf%83%e7%90%86%e5%ad%a6%e3%80%8b%e5%ad%a6%e4%b9%a0%e7%ac%94%e8%ae%b0-026","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/mooda.com.cn\/?page_id=1391","title":{"rendered":"\u300a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u793e\u4f1a\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u300b\u5b66\u4e60\u7b14\u8bb0 026"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

\u63a5\u4e0a\u671f\uff1a\u300a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u793e\u4f1a\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u300b\u5b66\u4e60\u7b14\u8bb0 025<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u539f\u6587\uff1aSpine-counters are like clock-readers and people who count organizational trappings and report some of the least important realities. To get the organization into countable, measurable form is to strip it of what made it worth counting in the first place (Leach 1967). Spine-counting does record “a reality that cannot be assailed.” And in the hands of wise observers (e.g., Johnson1978; Bernard and Killworth 1973; Lave and March 1975; Miller 1977; Tukey 1977; Kimble 1978), that counted reality can be constructed with forethought and can stimulate those who can’t stand the smell of formalin.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a\u68d8\u523a\u8ba1\u6570\u8005\u5c31\u50cf\u949f\u8868\u8bfb\u6570\u8005\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u90a3\u4e9b\u6e05\u70b9\u7ec4\u7ec7\u6446\u8bbe\u3001\u62a5\u544a\u67d0\u4e9b\u6700\u4e0d\u91cd\u8981\u73b0\u5b9e\u7684\u4eba\u3002\u8981\u5c06\u7ec4\u7ec7\u8f6c\u5316\u4e3a\u53ef\u8ba1\u6570\u3001\u53ef\u6d4b\u91cf\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\uff0c\u5c31\u5fc5\u987b\u5265\u79bb\u90a3\u4e9b\u6700\u521d\u4f7f\u5176\u503c\u5f97\u8ba1\u6570\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\uff08Leach 1967\uff09\u3002\u68d8\u523a\u8ba1\u6570\u786e\u5b9e\u8bb0\u5f55\u4e86”\u4e00\u79cd\u4e0d\u53ef\u653b\u51fb\u7684\u73b0\u5b9e”\u3002\u5728\u660e\u667a\u7684\u89c2\u5bdf\u8005\u624b\u4e2d\uff08\u5982 Johnson 1978; Bernard and Killworth 1973; Lave and March 1975; Miller 1977; Tukey 1977; Kimble 1978\uff09\uff0c\u90a3\u79cd\u88ab\u8ba1\u6570\u7684\u73b0\u5b9e\u53ef\u4ee5\u7ecf\u6df1\u601d\u719f\u8651\u800c\u5efa\u6784\uff0c\u5e76\u80fd\u591f\u6fc0\u53d1\u90a3\u4e9b\u65e0\u6cd5\u5fcd\u53d7\u798f\u5c14\u9a6c\u6797\u6c14\u5473\u7684\u4eba\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u539f\u6587\uff1aBut what will more likely happen is that quantitative investigators forget that counting is only a means to understanding. They become means-centered and stop inquiring once the spines are counted, or they refine the count and do it again. In either case, the investigator does not move on to other realities or embed the count more richly. Whether one chooses to count spines, chide spine-counters, or fish, it’s still good to know what you’re doing. And this holds true for inquiry in general as well as for specific inquiries concerning organizational behavior.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a\u4f46\u66f4\u53ef\u80fd\u53d1\u751f\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u662f\uff0c\u5b9a\u91cf\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u5fd8\u8bb0\u4e86\u8ba1\u6570\u53ea\u662f\u7406\u89e3\u7684\u624b\u6bb5\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u53d8\u5f97\u4ee5\u624b\u6bb5\u4e3a\u4e2d\u5fc3\u2014\u2014\u4e00\u65e6\u6570\u5b8c\u68d8\u523a\u5c31\u505c\u6b62\u63a2\u7a76\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u7cbe\u70bc\u8ba1\u6570\u3001\u91cd\u65b0\u518d\u6570\u3002\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a\u65e0\u8bba\u54ea\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\uff0c\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u90fd\u6ca1\u6709\u8f6c\u5411\u5176\u4ed6\u73b0\u5b9e\uff0c\u4e5f\u6ca1\u6709\u66f4\u4e30\u5bcc\u5730\u5d4c\u5165\u8ba1\u6570\u7ed3\u679c\u3002\u65e0\u8bba\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u9009\u62e9\u6570\u68d8\u523a\u3001\u65a5\u8d23\u68d8\u523a\u8ba1\u6570\u8005\uff0c\u8fd8\u662f\u53bb\u9493\u9c7c\uff0c\u77e5\u9053\u81ea\u5df1\u5728\u505a\u4ec0\u4e48\u603b\u662f\u597d\u7684\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u5bf9\u4e8e\u63a2\u7a76\u6d3b\u52a8\u603b\u4f53\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u6709\u5173\u7ec4\u7ec7\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u5177\u4f53\u63a2\u7a76\u4ea6\u7136\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\ud83d\udca1\u5b66\u4e60\u7b14\u8bb0\uff1a<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \n
  1. \u53ef\u6d4b\u91cf\u4e0d\u7b49\u4e8e\u91cd\u8981\u6027\uff0c\u7cbe\u786e\u6027\u4e0d\u7b49\u4e8e\u771f\u5b9e\u6027\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  2. \u6570\u5b57\u5e76\u4e0d\u6bd4\u53d9\u8ff0\u66f4\u79d1\u5b66\uff0c\u6570\u5b57\u8ff7\u4fe1\u5e38\u5e38\u4f1a\u5e26\u6765\u5bf9\u6587\u5316\u5efa\u6784\u7684\u5ffd\u89c6\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  3. \u8ba1\u6570\u6c38\u8fdc\u662f\u5de5\u5177\uff0c\u53ea\u662f\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u5f00\u59cb\uff0c\u4e0d\u662f\u76ee\u7684\uff0c\u66f4\u4e0d\u662f\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u7ec8\u7ed3\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  4. \u6ca1\u6709\u552f\u4e00\u6b63\u786e\u7684\u9009\u62e9\uff0c\u65e0\u8bba\u9009\u62e9\u4ec0\u4e48\uff0c\u90fd\u8981\u77e5\u9053\u81ea\u5df1\u5728\u505a\u4ec0\u4e48\uff0c\u653e\u5f03\u4e86\u4ec0\u4e48\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  5. \u8fd9\u6b63\u662fAcknowledge Tradeoff\u7684\u6df1\u610f\uff0c\u4e0d\u662f\u5728\u9009\u62e9\u5bf9\u9519\u4e4b\u95f4\u6743\u8861\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u5728\u5f97\u5931\u4e4b\u95f4\u4fdd\u6301\u6c38\u6052\u7684\u81ea\u89c9\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n

    <\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u539f\u6587\uff1aInquiry in general is based on the assumption that the paths to understanding in nature may be infinite and characterized by unique problems, but that all of these paths lead to a goal, an understanding of one nature.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a\u63a2\u7a76\u6d3b\u52a8\u603b\u4f53\u5efa\u7acb\u5728\u8fd9\u6837\u4e00\u4e2a\u5047\u8bbe\u4e4b\u4e0a\uff1a\u901a\u5411\u5bf9\u81ea\u7136\u4e4b\u7406\u89e3\u7684\u8def\u5f84\u6216\u8bb8\u662f\u65e0\u9650\u7684\uff0c\u4e14\u6bcf\u6761\u8def\u5f84\u90fd\u4f34\u968f\u7740\u72ec\u7279\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff1b\u4f46\u6240\u6709\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8def\u5f84\u90fd\u901a\u5411\u540c\u4e00\u4e2a\u76ee\u6807\u2014\u2014\u5bf9\u5355\u4e00\u81ea\u7136\u7684\u7406\u89e3\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \ud83d\udca1\u5b66\u4e60\u7b14\u8bb0\uff1a<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Weick \u7684\u6279\u5224\u6307\u5411\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u4f20\u7edf\u79d1\u5b66\u89c2\u53e3\u5934\u4e0a\u627f\u8ba4\u524d\u534a\u53e5\uff08\u591a\u6837\u6027\uff09\uff0c\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u4fe1\u4ef0\u540e\u534a\u53e5\uff08\u7edf\u4e00\u6027\uff09\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u5206\u88c2\u5bfc\u81f4\u4e86\u65b9\u6cd5\u8bba\u7684\u50b2\u6162\u2014\u2014\u65e2\u7136\u6240\u6709\u8def\u5f84\u901a\u5411\u540c\u4e00\u76ee\u6807\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u6211\u7684\u8def\u5f84\u5c31\u662f\u6700\u597d\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u8fd9\u5728Weick\u770b\u6765\u4e0d\u8fc7\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u5e7b\u89c9\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u4e00\u8fb9\u5047\u88c5\u5c0a\u91cd”\u8def\u5f84\u7684\u65e0\u9650\u6027”\uff0c\u4e00\u8fb9\u5077\u5077\u4fe1\u4ef0”\u76ee\u6807\u7684\u5355\u4e00\u6027”\u3002\u771f\u6b63\u7684”\u627f\u8ba4\u6743\u8861”\u610f\u5473\u7740\u66f4\u6fc0\u8fdb\u7684\u8bda\u5b9e\u2014\u2014\u4e0d\u4ec5\u627f\u8ba4\u4e0d\u540c\u8def\u5f84\u6709\u4e0d\u540c\u4ee3\u4ef7\uff0c\u66f4\u8981\u627f\u8ba4\u4e0d\u540c\u8def\u5f84\u53ef\u80fd\u901a\u5411\u4e0d\u540c\u7684”\u7406\u89e3”\uff0c\u56e0\u800c\u6839\u672c\u6ca1\u6709”\u5355\u4e00\u81ea\u7136”\u7b49\u5f85\u6211\u4eec\u53bb\u53d1\u73b0\u3002\u63a2\u7a76\u7684\u76ee\u7684\u4e0d\u662f”\u627e\u5230”\u81ea\u7136\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u5728\u65e0\u9650\u7684\u8def\u5f84\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e0d\u65ad”\u5236\u5b9a”\u503c\u5f97\u88ab\u7406\u89e3\u7684\u73b0\u5b9e\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    <\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u539f\u6587\uff1aThese two connected themata of unlimited outer accessibility and delimited inner meaning can be vaguely depicted by the device of a maze having in its outer walls innumerable entrances, through each of which one can hopefully reach, sooner or later, the one mystery which lies at the center (Holton 1965, p. xxili).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a\u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u76f8\u4e92\u5173\u8054\u7684\u4e3b\u9898\u2014\u2014\u65e0\u9650\u7684\u5916\u90e8\u53ef\u53ca\u6027\u4e0e\u9650\u5b9a\u7684\u5185\u5728\u610f\u4e49\u2014\u2014\u53ef\u4ee5\u5927\u81f4\u7528\u8ff7\u5bab\u88c5\u7f6e\u6765\u63cf\u7ed8\uff1a\u5176\u5916\u5899\u6709\u65e0\u6570\u5165\u53e3\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u6bcf\u4e00\u4e2a\u5165\u53e3\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u90fd\u6709\u671b\u6216\u65e9\u6216\u665a\u62b5\u8fbe\u4f4d\u4e8e\u4e2d\u5fc3\u7684\u552f\u4e00\u5965\u79d8\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u539f\u6587\uff1aNow comes a disturbing possibility that makes it harder for us to know what we’re doing. Returning to the maze analogy, Holton remarks,<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a\u73b0\u5728\u51fa\u73b0\u4e86\u4e00\u79cd\u4ee4\u4eba\u4e0d\u5b89\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\uff0c\u5b83\u8ba9\u6211\u4eec\u66f4\u96be\u77e5\u9053\u81ea\u5df1\u5728\u505a\u4ec0\u4e48\u3002\u56de\u5230\u8ff7\u5bab\u7684\u7c7b\u6bd4\uff0cHolton \u8bc4\u8bba\u9053\uff0c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u539f\u6587\uff1aBut another possibility has suggested itself more and more insistently; that at the inner-most chamber of the maze one would find nothing….From a suitable distance, we cannot soundly claim that the historic development of science has proved nature to be understandable in a unique way, as distinct from documentable, manipulable, predictable within limits, or technically exploitable. What has happened is that the ground of the unknown has continually been shifted, the allegory has continually changed (1965, p. xxiii).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a\u4f46\u53e6\u4e00\u79cd\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u6267\u62d7\u5730\u6d6e\u73b0\u51fa\u6765\uff1a\u5728\u8ff7\u5bab\u6700\u5185\u5c42\u7684\u5bc6\u5ba4\u4e2d\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u53ef\u80fd\u4ec0\u4e48\u4e5f\u627e\u4e0d\u5230\u2026\u2026\u4ece\u9002\u5f53\u7684\u8ddd\u79bb\u6765\u770b\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u80fd\u7406\u76f4\u6c14\u58ee\u5730\u58f0\u79f0\uff0c\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u53d1\u5c55\u5df2\u7ecf\u8bc1\u660e\u4e86\u81ea\u7136\u53ef\u4ee5\u4ee5\u67d0\u79cd\u72ec\u7279\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u88ab\u7406\u89e3\u2014\u2014\u90a3\u79cd\u65b9\u5f0f\u533a\u522b\u4e8e\u53ef\u88ab\u8bb0\u5f55\u7684\u3001\u53ef\u88ab\u64cd\u63a7\u7684\u3001\u5728\u6709\u9650\u8303\u56f4\u5185\u53ef\u88ab\u9884\u6d4b\u7684\uff0c\u6216\u53ef\u88ab\u6280\u672f\u5229\u7528\u7684\u3002\u5b9e\u9645\u53d1\u751f\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u662f\uff1a\u672a\u77e5\u7684\u9886\u5730\u88ab\u4e0d\u65ad\u5730\u8f6c\u79fb\uff0c\u5bd3\u8a00\u88ab\u4e0d\u65ad\u5730\u66f4\u6362\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \ud83d\udca1\u5b66\u4e60\u7b14\u8bb0\uff1a<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Holton\/Weick \u7684\u7ec8\u6781\u542f\u793a\u662f\u6b8b\u9177\u7684\uff1a\u79d1\u5b66\u53f2\u4e0a\u6700\u4f1f\u5927\u7684\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c\u4e0d\u662f\u201d\u627e\u5230\u4e86\u4ec0\u4e48”\uff0c\u800c\u662f”\u627f\u8ba4\u90a3\u91cc\u4ec0\u4e48\u90fd\u6ca1\u6709”\u3002\u8ff7\u5bab\u7684\u4e2d\u5fc3\u662f\u7a7a\u7684\u2014\u2014\u8fd9\u4e0d\u662f\u5931\u8d25\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u89e3\u653e\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u65e2\u7136\u6ca1\u6709\u9884\u5b9a\u7684\u4e2d\u5fc3\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u505c\u6b62\u671d\u5723\uff0c\u5f00\u59cb\u6e38\u7267\uff1b\u65e2\u7136”\u5bd3\u8a00”\u53ea\u662f\u5bd3\u8a00\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bda\u5b9e\u5730\u66f4\u6362\u5b83\u4eec\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u5fc5\u5047\u88c5\u67d0\u4e2a\u5bd3\u8a00\u662f”\u7ec8\u6781\u771f\u7406”\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u7ec4\u7ec7\u7406\u8bba\u5bb6\u7684\u4efb\u52a1\uff0c\u4e0d\u662f”\u7406\u89e3\u7ec4\u7ec7”\uff08\u4eff\u4f5b\u7ec4\u7ec7\u662f\u7b49\u5f85\u88ab\u628a\u63e1\u7684\u5355\u4e00\u5b9e\u4f53\uff09\uff0c\u800c\u662f”\u66f4\u6362\u5173\u4e8e\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u5bd3\u8a00”\u2014\u2014\u4ece\u949f\u8868\u5230\u6709\u673a\u4f53\uff0c\u4ece\u5927\u8111\u5230\u5783\u573e\u7f50\uff0c\u4ece\u7f51\u7edc\u5230\u751f\u6001\u7cfb\u7edf\u2014\u2014\u6bcf\u4e00\u6b21\u66f4\u6362\uff0c\u90fd\u662f\u4e00\u6b21\u5bf9”\u672a\u77e5\u9886\u5730”\u7684\u91cd\u65b0\u914d\u7f6e\uff0c\u90fd\u662f\u4e00\u6b21”\u77e5\u9053\u81ea\u5df1\u5728\u505a\u4ec0\u4e48”\u7684\u6e05\u9192\u5b9e\u8df5\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    <\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u539f\u6587\uff1aIf areas of ignorance remain constant in size and continually shift, then it seems clear that ambivalent conceptual orientations toward the world will be more adaptive and accurate than unambivalent ones. Problem-solving seems to be favored by opposed sets of propositions, both of which are correct on some occasions (e.g., Bruyn 1966, pp. 23-83). The investigator who retains opposed conceptual orientations will be open to comprehending a larger portion of the referent event. It is not that scientists must become more tolerant of ambiguity: information that is received may lend clear support to a specific position and may therefore reduce uncertainty. But this less ambiguous view of a world should not be mistaken for a “correct” view; instead, the scientist needs to search for information that supports opposing explanations of an observed event. The event itself probably contains properties such that both explanations may appear to be valid at one time or another, even though they are opposed. And the scientist who has nurtured more than one point of view will be better able to adapt to this “multiple contingency environment.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a\u5982\u679c\u65e0\u77e5\u7684\u9886\u57df\u5728\u89c4\u6a21\u4e0a\u4fdd\u6301\u4e0d\u53d8\uff0c\u4e14\u6301\u7eed\u8f6c\u79fb\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u5f88\u660e\u663e\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e16\u754c\u6301\u77db\u76fe\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u53d6\u5411\u5c06\u6bd4\u975e\u77db\u76fe\u7684\u53d6\u5411\u66f4\u5177\u9002\u5e94\u6027\u4e14\u66f4\u51c6\u786e\u3002\u95ee\u9898\u89e3\u51b3\u4f3c\u4e4e\u66f4\u53d7\u5bf9\u7acb\u547d\u9898\u7ec4\u7684\u9752\u7750\u2014\u2014\u5176\u4e2d\u6bcf\u4e00\u7ec4\u5728\u67d0\u4e9b\u573a\u5408\u90fd\u662f\u6b63\u786e\u7684\u3002\u4fdd\u7559\u5bf9\u7acb\u6982\u5ff5\u53d6\u5411\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u8005\uff0c\u5c06\u80fd\u591f\u7406\u89e3\u53c2\u7167\u4e8b\u4ef6\u7684\u66f4\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u3002\u8fd9\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u8bf4\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u5fc5\u987b\u53d8\u5f97\u66f4\u80fd\u5bb9\u5fcd\u6a21\u7cca\u6027\uff1a\u6240\u63a5\u6536\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u53ef\u80fd\u4e3a\u7279\u5b9a\u7acb\u573a\u63d0\u4f9b\u660e\u786e\u652f\u6301\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u51cf\u5c11\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\u3002\u4f46\u8fd9\u79cd\u8f83\u4e0d\u6a21\u7cca\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u89c2\u4e0d\u5e94\u88ab\u8bef\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u201d\u6b63\u786e”\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\uff1b\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u9700\u8981\u5bfb\u627e\u652f\u6301\u5bf9\u7acb\u89e3\u91ca\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u3002\u4e8b\u4ef6\u672c\u8eab\u53ef\u80fd\u5305\u542b\u67d0\u4e9b\u5c5e\u6027\uff0c\u4f7f\u5f97\u4e24\u79cd\u89e3\u91ca\u2014\u2014\u5c3d\u7ba1\u76f8\u4e92\u5bf9\u7acb\u2014\u2014\u5728\u67d0\u4e2a\u65f6\u523b\u90fd\u663e\u5f97\u6709\u6548\u3002\u800c\u57f9\u80b2\u4e86\u591a\u79cd\u89c2\u70b9\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\uff0c\u5c06\u66f4\u80fd\u9002\u5e94\u8fd9\u79cd”\u591a\u91cd\u5076\u7136\u73af\u5883”\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \ud83d\udca1\u5b66\u4e60\u7b14\u8bb0\uff1a<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    1. \u5982\u4f55\u57f9\u80b2\u201d\u77db\u76fe\u53d6\u5411\u201d\uff0cWeick \u6697\u793a\u4e86\u4ee5\u4e0b\u64cd\u4f5c\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    A. \u5bf9\u4efb\u4f55\u201d\u786e\u5b9a”\u7ed3\u8bba\u4fdd\u6301\u6000\u7591<\/p>\n\n\n\n