{"id":1351,"date":"2026-05-25T15:58:50","date_gmt":"2026-05-25T07:58:50","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/mooda.com.cn\/?page_id=1351"},"modified":"2026-05-25T15:58:50","modified_gmt":"2026-05-25T07:58:50","slug":"%e3%80%8a%e7%bb%84%e7%bb%87%e7%a4%be%e4%bc%9a%e5%bf%83%e7%90%86%e5%ad%a6%e3%80%8b%e5%ad%a6%e4%b9%a0%e7%ac%94%e8%ae%b0-018","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/mooda.com.cn\/?page_id=1351","title":{"rendered":"\u300a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u793e\u4f1a\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u300b\u5b66\u4e60\u7b14\u8bb0 018"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><em>\u63a5\u4e0a\u671f\uff1a<\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/mp.weixin.qq.com\/s?__biz=MzI5MjIxMzQxMA==&amp;mid=2247492970&amp;idx=1&amp;sn=2eb1e913c959d2e768dbcc8c6f65aec4&amp;scene=21#wechat_redirect\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">\u300a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u793e\u4f1a\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u300b\u5b66\u4e60\u7b14\u8bb0 017<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u539f\u6587\uff1aIt should be noted that implicit in the concept of the contract is the notion that there is an exchange of commodities, and it is this feature of the contract which has been given considerable prominence in writings about organization (e.g., Whyte 1959; Jacobs 1974; Hollander 1976). Satisfaction, productivity, interpersonal ties, and the likelihood of leaving are all dependent on the terms of the contract and its fate at any given moment in time. What is demonstrated in the grook is perhaps the most basic form in which a contract exists.Individual members consent to be governed; in return, some smaller body agrees to govern in a beneficient manner. Phrased in terms of the grook, the majority consents to become the minority in the belief that their interests are more likely to be promoted.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u53c2\u8003\u539f\u6587\uff1a\u5e94\u5f53\u6ce8\u610f\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u5951\u7ea6\u6982\u5ff5\u4e2d\u9690\u542b\u7740\u2018\u5546\u54c1\u4ea4\u6362\u2019\u7684\u89c2\u5ff5\uff0c\u800c\u5951\u7ea6\u7684\u8fd9\u4e00\u7279\u5f81\u5728\u6709\u5173\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u8457\u4f5c\u4e2d\u5f97\u5230\u4e86\u76f8\u5f53\u7a0b\u5ea6\u7684\u51f8\u663e\u3002\u6ee1\u610f\u5ea6\u3001\u751f\u4ea7\u7387\u3001\u4eba\u9645\u5173\u7cfb\u7ebd\u5e26\u4ee5\u53ca\u79bb\u804c\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\uff0c\u5168\u90fd\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u5951\u7ea6\u7684\u6761\u6b3e\u53ca\u5176\u5728\u4efb\u4f55\u7279\u5b9a\u65f6\u523b\u7684\u547d\u8fd0\u3002\u5728\u90a3\u9996\u683c\u8a00\u8bd7\u4e2d\u6240\u5c55\u793a\u7684\uff0c\u6216\u8bb8\u662f\u5951\u7ea6\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u6700\u57fa\u672c\u5f62\u5f0f\uff1a\u4e2a\u4f53\u6210\u5458\u540c\u610f\u88ab\u7ba1\u7406\uff1b\u4f5c\u4e3a\u56de\u62a5\uff0c\u67d0\u4e2a\u66f4\u5c0f\u7684\u7fa4\u4f53\u540c\u610f\u4ee5\u4e00\u79cd\u9020\u798f\u5927\u4f17\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u8fdb\u884c\u7ba1\u7406\u3002\u7528\u8fd9\u9996\u8bd7\u7684\u8bdd\u6765\u8bf4\u5c31\u662f\uff1a\u591a\u6570\u4eba\u540c\u610f\u53d8\u6210\u5c11\u6570\u6d3e\uff0c\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u4ed6\u4eec\u76f8\u4fe1\u8fd9\u6837\u505a\u66f4\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u4fc3\u8fdb\u5176\u5229\u76ca\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\ud83d\udca1 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u4efd\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u505c\u6ede\u7684\u4e92\u52a8\u72b6\u6001\u3002\u4ed6\u4f1a\u5efa\u8bae\u4f60\u591a\u53bb\u770b\u6587\u827a\u4f5c\u54c1\uff0c\u591a\u53bb\u5173\u6ce8\u90a3\u4e9b\u201c\u6742\u4e71\u201d\u7684\u975e\u6b63\u5f0f\u8054\u7cfb\uff0c\u5728\u5927\u96fe\u4e2d\u5c1d\u8bd5\u4e00\u4e9b\u8ba1\u5212\u4e4b\u5916\u7684\u201c\u6ed1\u884c\u201d\u3002\u53ea\u6709\u5f53\u4f60\u5f00\u59cb\u4e3b\u52a8\u53c2\u4e0e\u201c\u610f\u4e49\u6784\u5efa\u201d\uff0c\u4e0d\u518d\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f\u201c\u88ab\u7ec4\u7ec7\u201d\uff0c\u4f60\u624d\u4ece\u5de5\u5177\u53d8\u56de\u4e86\u90a3\u4e2a\u6b63\u5728\u201c\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5316\u201d\u7684\u4eba\u3002<br>\u4f60\u89c9\u5f97\u81ea\u5df1\u73b0\u5728\u6b63\u5904\u4e8e\u4e00\u79cd\u201c\u88ab\u52a8\u6267\u884c\u8bed\u6cd5\u201d\u7684\u5de5\u5177\u4eba\u72b6\u6001\uff0c\u8fd8\u662f\u6b63\u5728\u53c2\u4e0e\u201c\u7f16\u5199\u8bed\u6cd5\u201d\u7684\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5316\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff1f<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u539f\u6587\uff1aOne way to contrast small groups and large organizations is to view the latter as a group of groups (e.g., Simon 1957). This feature is illustrated in the grook and affords the wedge by which additional psychological concepts become relevant for organization theory. Two such relevant notions are link pins, people with membership in two or more overlapping groups who promote cooperation between the separate groups (Wager 1972), and ethnocentrism, ingroup loyalty coupled with outgroup deprecation. If one views an organization as a group of groups, this implies that there may be some competition among the several groups for scarce resources (Sapolsky 1972). This competition often leads members to overrate the virtues of their own group and to downgrade those of other groups (Le Vine and Campbell 1972). These divisive forces are often reduced when one or more members hold joint membership in or are acceptable to both groups (Likert 1961; Heiskanen 1967). Presumably, the &#8220;excluded groups&#8221; on the right side of Fig. 1.2 would exhibit some hostility toward the groups on the left side. The groups on the left side control the scarce resource of power, which has been removed from the control of the members on the right side. The left-side members themselves would probably have their own hostilities- toward the people in &#8220;higher&#8221; ingroups. Working against this tendency of excluded members to deprecate &#8220;included members&#8221; are the facts that there are link pins and that all groups may share the goal of leading a good life. To the extent that all groups share this goal despite their differences, and to the extent that they believe the leader is capable of improving their state, then intergroup hostility should decrease.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a\u5bf9\u6bd4\u5c0f\u7fa4\u4f53\u4e0e\u5927\u578b\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u662f\u5c06\u540e\u8005\u89c6\u4e3a\u2018\u7fa4\u4f53\u7684\u7fa4\u4f53\u2019\uff08\u4f8b\u5982Simon 1957\uff09\u3002\u683c\u8a00\u8bd7\u5c55\u793a\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e00\u7279\u5f81\uff0c\u5e76\u4e3a\u5f15\u5165\u66f4\u591a\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u6982\u5ff5\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u5207\u5165\u70b9\u3002\u5176\u4e2d\u4e24\u4e2a\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u662f\uff1a\u2018\u8fde\u63a5\u9500\u2019\uff08Link pins\uff09\uff0c\u5373\u540c\u65f6\u5728\u4e24\u4e2a\u6216\u591a\u4e2a\u91cd\u53e0\u7fa4\u4f53\u4e2d\u62e5\u6709\u6210\u5458\u8eab\u4efd\u3001\u4fc3\u8fdb\u4e0d\u540c\u7fa4\u4f53\u95f4\u5408\u4f5c\u7684\u4eba\uff08Wager 1972\uff09\uff1b\u4ee5\u53ca\u2018\u6c11\u65cf\u4e2d\u5fc3\u4e3b\u4e49\u2019\uff08Ethnocentrism\uff09\uff0c\u5373\u5bf9\u5185\u7fa4\u4f53\u7684\u5fe0\u8bda\u53ca\u5bf9\u968f\u4e4b\u800c\u6765\u7684\u5bf9\u5916\u7fa4\u4f53\u7684\u8d2c\u4f4e\u3002\u5982\u679c\u5c06\u7ec4\u7ec7\u89c6\u4e3a\u7fa4\u4f53\u7684\u7fa4\u4f53\uff0c\u8fd9\u610f\u5473\u7740\u5404\u7fa4\u4f53\u4e4b\u95f4\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u4e3a\u4e86\u7a00\u7f3a\u8d44\u6e90\u5c55\u5f00\u7ade\u4e89\uff08Sapolsky 1972\uff09\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u7ade\u4e89\u5e38\u5bfc\u81f4\u6210\u5458\u9ad8\u4f30\u81ea\u5df1\u7fa4\u4f53\u7684\u4f18\u70b9\uff0c\u5e76\u8d2c\u4f4e\u5176\u4ed6\u7fa4\u4f53\uff08Le Vine \u548c Campbell 1972\uff09\u3002\u5f53\u4e00\u540d\u6216\u591a\u540d\u6210\u5458\u62e5\u6709\u53cc\u91cd\u6210\u5458\u8eab\u4efd\uff0c\u6216\u88ab\u53cc\u65b9\u7fa4\u4f53\u63a5\u53d7\u65f6\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u5206\u88c2\u529b\u91cf\u901a\u5e38\u4f1a\u51cf\u5f31\uff08Likert 1961; Heiskanen 1967\uff09\u3002\u636e\u63a8\u6d4b\uff0c\u56fe1.2\u53f3\u4fa7\u7684\u2018\u88ab\u6392\u9664\u7fa4\u4f53\u2019\u4f1a\u5bf9\u5de6\u4fa7\u7fa4\u4f53\u8868\u73b0\u51fa\u67d0\u79cd\u654c\u610f\u3002\u5de6\u4fa7\u7fa4\u4f53\u638c\u63a7\u7740\u6743\u529b\u7684\u7a00\u7f3a\u8d44\u6e90\uff0c\u800c\u53f3\u4fa7\u6210\u5458\u7684\u63a7\u5236\u6743\u5df2\u88ab\u5265\u593a\u3002\u5de6\u4fa7\u6210\u5458\u81ea\u8eab\u53ef\u80fd\u4e5f\u4f1a\u4ea7\u751f\u654c\u610f\u2014\u2014\u9488\u5bf9\u5904\u4e8e\u2018\u66f4\u9ad8\u5c42\u2019\u5185\u7fa4\u4f53\u7684\u4eba\u3002\u62b5\u6d88\u8fd9\u79cd\u8d2c\u4f4e\u503e\u5411\u7684\u529b\u91cf\u5728\u4e8e\uff1a\u2018\u8fde\u63a5\u9500\u2019\u7684\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u6240\u6709\u7fa4\u4f53\u53ef\u80fd\u5171\u6709\u2018\u8fc7\u4e0a\u7f8e\u597d\u751f\u6d3b\u2019\u8fd9\u4e00\u76ee\u6807\u3002\u53ea\u8981\u6240\u6709\u7fa4\u4f53\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5b58\u5728\u5206\u6b67\u4f46\u4ecd\u5171\u4eab\u8fd9\u4e00\u76ee\u6807\uff0c\u4e14\u76f8\u4fe1\u9886\u5bfc\u8005\u6709\u80fd\u529b\u6539\u5584\u73b0\u72b6\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u7fa4\u4f53\u95f4\u7684\u654c\u610f\u5c31\u4f1a\u51cf\u5c11\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\ud83d\udca1 \u5b66\u4e60\u7b14\u8bb0\uff1a<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Weick\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\u89e3\u6784\u4e86\u5927\u578b\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5185\u90e8\u590d\u6742\u7684\u5fc3\u7406\u52a8\u529b\u5b66\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u201c\u788e\u7247\u5316\u201d\u672c\u8d28<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Weick\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u5927\u578b\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4e0d\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u94c1\u677f\u4e00\u5757\u7684\u5b9e\u4f53\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u7531\u65e0\u6570\u4e2a\u5c0f\u5708\u5b50\uff08\u7fa4\u4f53\u7684\u7fa4\u4f53\uff09\u62fc\u51d1\u800c\u6210\u7684\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u89c6\u89d2\u89e3\u91ca\u4e86\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5316\u5982\u6b64\u56f0\u96be\uff1a\u4f60\u4e0d\u662f\u5728\u7ba1\u7406100\u4e2a\u4eba\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u5728\u534f\u8c03\u5341\u51e0\u4e2a\u4e92\u76f8\u770b\u4e0d\u987a\u773c\u7684\u5c0f\u7fa4\u4f53\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u201c\u8fde\u63a5\u9500\u201d\u7684\u6da6\u6ed1\u4f5c\u7528<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Weick\u501f\u7528\u5229\u514b\u7279\uff08Likert\uff09\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u7a33\u5b9a\u6027\u4e0d\u5168\u9760\u884c\u653f\u547d\u4ee4\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u9760\u90a3\u4e9b\u8de8\u90e8\u95e8\u7684\u201c\u53cc\u9762\u4eba\u201d\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4eba\u8eab\u517c\u6570\u804c\uff0c\u80fd\u5728\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u201c\u8bed\u6cd5\u201d\u7cfb\u7edf\u95f4\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4fe1\u606f\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u662f\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5316\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u81f3\u5173\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u5173\u952e\u8282\u70b9\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u654c\u610f\u7684\u8d77\u6e90\uff1a\u6743\u529b\u7684\u7a00\u7f3a<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u5728\u300a\u591a\u6570\u539f\u5219\u300b\u7684\u6848\u4f8b\u4e2d\uff0c\u6743\u529b\u5411\u5de6\u4fa7\u5c42\u5c42\u96c6\u4e2d\uff0c\u53f3\u4fa7\u7684\u4eba\u88ab\u5265\u593a\u4e86\u53c2\u4e0e\u201c\u610f\u4e49\u6784\u5efa\u201d\u7684\u6743\u5229\u3002Weick\u63d0\u9192\u6211\u4eec\uff0c\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u7ed3\u6784\u4e0b\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e2a\u90e8\u95e8\u90fd\u4f1a\u89c9\u5f97\u81ea\u5df1\u624d\u662f\u5e72\u6d3b\u7684\uff0c\u522b\u7684\u90e8\u95e8\u90fd\u662f\u5b98\u50da\u6216\u7d2f\u8d58\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u5185\u8017\u662f\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5316\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u7684\u5929\u7136\u963b\u529b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u201c\u7f8e\u597d\u751f\u6d3b\u201d\u624d\u662f\u5143\u76ee\u6807<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Weick\u4e4b\u524d\u8bf4\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4e0d\u4e00\u5b9a\u6709\u5177\u4f53\u76ee\u6807\uff0c\u4f46\u8fd9\u91cc\u4ed6\u63d0\u5230\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u5e95\u5c42\u5171\u8bc6\uff1a\u5927\u5bb6\u805a\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u201c\u8fc7\u5f97\u66f4\u597d\u201d\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u6700\u57fa\u7840\u7684\u5171\u8bc6\u9a8c\u8bc1\u3002\u53ea\u8981\u6210\u5458\u76f8\u4fe1\u9886\u5bfc\u5c42\u7684\u201c\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5316\u201d\u65b9\u6848\u80fd\u5e26\u6765\u8ba9\u5927\u5bb6\u201c\u8fc7\u7684\u66f4\u597d\u201d\u7684\u6574\u4f53\u5229\u76ca\uff08\u5373\u4fbf\u7531\u4e8e\u5c42\u7ea7\u591a\u5bfc\u81f4\u4fe1\u606f\u5728\u5927\u96fe\u4e2d\u6a21\u7cca\uff09\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e5f\u4f1a\u6682\u65f6\u538b\u5236\u5bf9\u4ed6\u4eba\u7684\u654c\u610f\uff0c\u7ef4\u6301\u5fc3\u7406\u5951\u7ea6\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u603b\u7ed3\uff1a\u7ba1\u7406\u8005\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u5c31\u50cf\u662f\u5728\u73a9\u4e00\u76d8\u590d\u6742\u7684\u62fc\u56fe\u3002\u7ba1\u7406\u8005\u7684\u4efb\u52a1\u4e0d\u662f\u6d88\u706d\u5c0f\u56e2\u4f53\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u201c\u8fde\u63a5\u9500\u201d\u548c\u201c\u5171\u540c\u613f\u666f\u201d\uff0c\u8ba9\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4e92\u76f8\u6392\u65a5\u7684\u5c0f\u56e2\u4f53\u4ea7\u751f\u8db3\u591f\u7684\u8054\u52a8\u884c\u4e3a\u3002<br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\uff08\u4e0b\u4e00\u671f\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u7ee7\u7eed\u5b66\u4e60\uff09<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u63a5\u4e0a\u671f\uff1a\u300a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u793e\u4f1a\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u300b\u5b66\u4e60\u7b14\u8bb0 017 \u539f\u6587\uff1aIt should be noted that implic &hellip; <\/p>\n<p class=\"link-more\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mooda.com.cn\/?page_id=1351\" class=\"more-link\">\u7ee7\u7eed\u9605\u8bfb<span class=\"screen-reader-text\">\u201c\u300a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u793e\u4f1a\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u300b\u5b66\u4e60\u7b14\u8bb0 018\u201d<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/mooda.com.cn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1351"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/mooda.com.cn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/mooda.com.cn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mooda.com.cn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mooda.com.cn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=1351"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/mooda.com.cn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1351\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1352,"href":"https:\/\/mooda.com.cn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1351\/revisions\/1352"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/mooda.com.cn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=1351"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}