{"id":1343,"date":"2026-05-25T15:35:13","date_gmt":"2026-05-25T07:35:13","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/mooda.com.cn\/?page_id=1343"},"modified":"2026-05-25T15:35:13","modified_gmt":"2026-05-25T07:35:13","slug":"%e3%80%8a%e7%bb%84%e7%bb%87%e7%a4%be%e4%bc%9a%e5%bf%83%e7%90%86%e5%ad%a6%e3%80%8b%e5%ad%a6%e4%b9%a0%e7%ac%94%e8%ae%b0-016","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/mooda.com.cn\/?page_id=1343","title":{"rendered":"\u300a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u793e\u4f1a\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u300b\u5b66\u4e60\u7b14\u8bb0 016"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><em>\u63a5\u4e0a\u671f\uff1a<\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/mp.weixin.qq.com\/s?__biz=MzI5MjIxMzQxMA==&amp;mid=2247492960&amp;idx=1&amp;sn=8b9db5dca04c9b450e881a47fbc62ce9&amp;scene=21#wechat_redirect\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">\u300a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u793e\u4f1a\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u300b\u5b66\u4e60\u7b14\u8bb0 015<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u539f\u6587\uff1aThere are several reasons why this dimension is judged important. Levels determine the number of subordinates that report to a given supervisor (Van Fleet and Bedeian 1977). If we hold the size of the organization constant, the fewer the number of levels, the greater the number of subordinates who report to a single supervisor, the less closely can the supervisor monitor his subordinates, and the more autonomy they have to make their own decisions. Thus the structural variable of tall versusflat has the important psychological consequence of determining the closeness and frequency with which any member can be supervised; this in turn affects the member&#8217;s feelings of freedom vs. coercion. Generally, it is posited that the more self-determination allowed to the worker, the higher the worker&#8217;s productivity and satisfaction (e.g., Blauner 1960; Katz 1964).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a\u5c42\u7ea7\u7ef4\u5ea6\u4e4b\u6240\u4ee5\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u91cd\u8981\uff0c\u6709\u51e0\u4e2a\u539f\u56e0\u3002\u5c42\u7ea7\u51b3\u5b9a\u4e86\u5411\u7279\u5b9a\u4e3b\u7ba1\u6c47\u62a5\u7684\u90e8\u4e0b\u4eba\u6570\uff08Van Fleet \u548c Bedeian 1977\uff09\u3002\u5982\u679c\u6211\u4eec\u4fdd\u6301\u7ec4\u7ec7\u89c4\u6a21\u4e0d\u53d8\uff0c\u5c42\u7ea7\u8d8a\u5c11\uff08\u5373\u8d8a\u6241\u5e73\uff09\uff0c\u5411\u5355\u4e00\u4e3b\u7ba1\u6c47\u62a5\u7684\u90e8\u4e0b\u4eba\u6570\u5c31\u8d8a\u591a\uff0c\u4e3b\u7ba1\u5bf9\u5176\u90e8\u4e0b\u7684\u76d1\u63a7\u5c31\u8d8a\u4e0d\u4e25\u5bc6\uff0c\u90e8\u4e0b\u81ea\u884c\u505a\u51fa\u51b3\u7b56\u7684\u81ea\u4e3b\u6743\u4e5f\u5c31\u8d8a\u5927\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u2018\u9ad8\u8038\u2019\u4e0e\u2018\u6241\u5e73\u2019\u8fd9\u4e00\u7ed3\u6784\u53d8\u91cf\u4ea7\u751f\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u5fc3\u7406\u540e\u679c\uff0c\u5373\u51b3\u5b9a\u4e86\u4efb\u4f55\u6210\u5458\u53d7\u76d1\u7763\u7684\u7d27\u5bc6\u7a0b\u5ea6\u548c\u9891\u7387\uff1b\u8fd9\u53cd\u8fc7\u6765\u53c8\u5f71\u54cd\u4e86\u6210\u5458\u5bf9\u2018\u81ea\u7531\u2019\u4e0e\u2018\u5f3a\u8feb\u2019\u7684\u611f\u53d7\u3002\u901a\u5e38\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u5047\u8bbe\u8d4b\u4e88\u52b3\u52a8\u8005\u7684\u81ea\u4e3b\u6743\u8d8a\u591a\uff0c\u5176\u751f\u4ea7\u7387\u548c\u6ee1\u610f\u5ea6\u5c31\u8d8a\u9ad8\uff08\u4f8b\u5982 Blauner 1960; Katz 1964\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\ud83d\udca1 \u5b66\u4e60\u7b14\u8bb0\uff1a<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Weick\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\u5c06\u7269\u7406\u7ed3\u6784\uff08\u5c42\u7ea7\uff09\u4e0e\u5fc3\u7406\u72b6\u6001\uff08\u81ea\u7531\u611f\uff09\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86\u76f4\u63a5\u7684\u56e0\u679c\u94fe\u6761\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u7ba1\u7406\u5e45\u5ea6\u4e0e\u76d1\u63a7\u5f3a\u5ea6\u7684\u201c\u7269\u7406\u5b9a\u5f8b\u201d<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u9ad8\u8038\u578b\uff08Tall\uff09\uff1a\u4e3b\u7ba1\u7ba1\u7684\u4eba\u5c11\uff08\u5c0f\u8de8\u5ea6\uff09\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u4ed6\u6709\u65f6\u95f4\u201c\u76ef\u7740\u201d\u6bcf\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u7d27\u5bc6\u76d1\u63a7\u51cf\u5c11\u4e86\u884c\u52a8\u7684\u6b67\u4e49\u6027\uff0c\u4f46\u4e5f\u62b9\u6740\u4e86\u81ea\u4e3b\u6027\u3002\u6241\u5e73\u578b\uff08Flat\uff09\uff1a\u4e3b\u7ba1\u7ba1\u7684\u4eba\u592a\u591a\uff0c\u6839\u672c\u987e\u4e0d\u8fc7\u6765\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u201c\u7531\u4e8e\u5fd9\u788c\u5bfc\u81f4\u7684\u653e\u6743\u201d\u53cd\u800c\u7ed9\u5458\u5de5\u521b\u9020\u4e86\u5165\u6cd5\u81ea\u5df1\u73b0\u5b9e\u7684\u7a7a\u95f4\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u201c\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5316\u201d\u4e2d\u7684\u5fc3\u7406\u6c14\u5019<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u5982\u679c\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5316\u8868\u73b0\u4e3a\u9891\u7e41\u4e14\u7d27\u5bc6\u7684\u76d1\u7763\uff0c\u6210\u5458\u4f1a\u89c9\u5f97\u81ea\u5df1\u53ea\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u88ab\u52a8\u6267\u884c\u201c\u8bed\u6cd5\u201d\u7684\u5de5\u5177\u4eba\uff0c\u6210\u5458\u4f1a\u4ea7\u751f\u5f3a\u70c8\u7684\u88ab\u80c1\u8feb\u611f\u3002\u53cd\u4e4b\uff0c\u5f53\u5c42\u7ea7\u8f83\u5c11\u65f6\uff0c\u6210\u5458\u5fc5\u987b\u81ea\u5df1\u53bb\u201c\u89e3\u91ca\u201d\u73af\u5883\u5e76\u505a\u51fa\u51b3\u5b9a\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u81ea\u6211\u51b3\u5b9a\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff0c\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u662f\u8ba9\u6210\u5458\u66f4\u6df1\u5165\u5730\u53c2\u4e0e\u5230\u4e86\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u201c\u610f\u4e49\u6784\u5efa\u201d\u4e2d\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u63d0\u5347\u4e86\u6ee1\u610f\u5ea6\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u6548\u7387\u7684\u6096\u8bba<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u4f20\u7edf\u7406\u8bba\u8ba4\u4e3a\u201c\u7ba1\u5f97\u4e25\u201d\u624d\u6709\u6548\u7387\u3002\u4f46Weick\u5e76\u4e0d\u8fd9\u4e48\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff1a\u5728\u590d\u6742\u591a\u53d8\u7684\u73af\u5883\u4e0b\uff08\u5982\u90a3\u573a\u5927\u96fe\u4e2d\u7684\u51b0\u7403\u8d5b\uff09\uff0c\u9876\u5c42\u4e3b\u7ba1\u6839\u672c\u65e0\u6cd5\u63d0\u4f9b\u5b9e\u65f6\u3001\u7cbe\u51c6\u7684\u6307\u4ee4\u3002\u6b64\u65f6\uff0c\u6241\u5e73\u5316\u5e26\u6765\u7684\u81ea\u4e3b\u6743\u53cd\u800c\u80fd\u8ba9\u5e95\u5c42\u6210\u5458\u5229\u7528\u73b0\u573a\u7684\u201c\u56e0\u679c\u56de\u8def\u201d\u5feb\u901f\u53cd\u5e94\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u7075\u6d3b\u7684\u201c\u81ea\u7ec4\u7ec7\u201d\u4ea7\u51fa\u7684\u751f\u4ea7\u529b\u5f80\u5f80\u9ad8\u4e8e\u6b7b\u677f\u7684\u6307\u6325\u94fe\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u6743\u529b\u4e0e\u8ba4\u77e5\u7684\u5173\u8054<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u9ad8\u8038\u578b\u7ec4\u7ec7\u503e\u5411\u4e8e\u628a\u201c\u5927\u8111\u201d\u7559\u5728\u9876\u7aef\uff0c\u628a\u201c\u624b\u811a\u201d\u7559\u5728\u5e95\u5c42\uff1b\u800cWeick\u63a8\u5d07\u7684\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5316\u66f4\u50cf\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5206\u5e03\u5f0f\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e2a\u4eba\u90fd\u5728\u611f\u77e5\u8bc6\u522b\u4fe1\u606f\u5e76\u91c7\u53d6\u884c\u52a8\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u603b\u7ed3\uff1a\u4f60\u8bbe\u8ba1\u7684\u6bcf\u4e00\u5c42\u6c47\u62a5\u7ebf\uff0c\u672c\u8d28\u4e0a\u90fd\u662f\u5728\u727a\u7272\u5458\u5de5\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u611f\u6765\u6362\u53d6\uff08\u53ef\u80fd\u5e76\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u7684\uff09\u63a7\u5236\u529b\u3002\u4f60\u73b0\u5728\u7684\u56e2\u961f\u91cc\uff0c\u9886\u5bfc\u662f\u90a3\u79cd\u201c\u4e8b\u65e0\u5de8\u7ec6\u90fd\u8981\u7ba1\u201d\u7684\uff0c\u8fd8\u662f\u90a3\u79cd\u56e0\u4e3a\u7ba1\u4e0d\u8fc7\u6765\u800c\u8ba9\u4f60\u201c\u770b\u7740\u529e\u201d\u7684\uff1f\u54ea\u79cd\u8ba9\u4f60\u89c9\u5f97\u5de5\u4f5c\u66f4\u6709\u52b2\u513f\uff1f<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u539f\u6587\uff1aThe distinction between tall and flat organizations also affects communication. In general, the flatter the organization, the less likely that communication will become distorted, since there are fewer decision points through which it passes before it reaches the unit that must take action. Phrased in a converse form, the rule is this: the greater the number of people through whom a communication must pass, the greater the likelihood that the communication will be transformed (Campbell 1958).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a\u9ad8\u8038\u578b\u4e0e\u6241\u5e73\u5316\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u533a\u522b\u8fd8\u4f1a\u5f71\u54cd\u6c9f\u901a\u3002\u901a\u5e38\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u7ec4\u7ec7\u8d8a\u6241\u5e73\uff0c\u6c9f\u901a\u4ea7\u751f\u5931\u771f\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u5c31\u8d8a\u5c0f\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u4fe1\u606f\u5728\u5230\u8fbe\u5fc5\u987b\u91c7\u53d6\u884c\u52a8\u7684\u5355\u4f4d\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u6240\u7ecf\u8fc7\u7684\u51b3\u7b56\u8282\u70b9\u66f4\u5c11\u3002\u82e5\u4ee5\u76f8\u53cd\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u8868\u8ff0\uff0c\u89c4\u5219\u4fbf\u662f\uff1a\u4fe1\u606f\u4f20\u9012\u5fc5\u987b\u7ecf\u8fc7\u7684\u4eba\u6570\u8d8a\u591a\uff0c\u8be5\u4fe1\u606f\u88ab\u7be1\u6539\u6216\u8f6c\u5316\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u5c31\u8d8a\u5927\u3002\uff08\u574e\u8d1d\u5c14 1958\uff09<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\ud83d\udca1 \u5b66\u4e60\u7b14\u8bb0\uff1a<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Weick\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\u5229\u7528\u4fe1\u606f\u8bba\u7684\u903b\u8f91\uff0c\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u62c6\u89e3\u4e86\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5c42\u7ea7\u4f5c\u4e3a\u201c\u8fc7\u6ee4\u5668\u201d\u7684\u8d1f\u9762\u6548\u5e94\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u51b3\u7b56\u8282\u70b9\u5373\u201c\u610f\u4e49\u91cd\u6784\u70b9\u201d<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Weick\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u4fe1\u606f\u6bcf\u7ecf\u8fc7\u4e00\u4e2a\u5c42\u7ea7\uff0c\u4e0d\u53ea\u662f\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u4f20\u9012\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u4e00\u6b21\u91cd\u65b0\u89e3\u91ca\u3002\u6bcf\u4e2a\u5c42\u7ea7\u7684\u4e3b\u7ba1\u90fd\u4f1a\u6839\u636e\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u5229\u76ca\u3001\u7406\u89e3\u529b\u548c\u5f53\u4e0b\u7684\u201c\u8bed\u6cd5\u201d\u5bf9\u4fe1\u606f\u8fdb\u884c\u4fee\u526a\u6216\u6dfb\u52a0\u3002\u5728\u9ad8\u8038\u578b\u7ec4\u7ec7\u91cc\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u5c42\u5c42\u53e0\u52a0\u7684\u201c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u201d\u6700\u7ec8\u4f1a\u5bfc\u81f4\u9876\u5c42\u7684\u610f\u56fe\u4e0e\u5e95\u5c42\u7684\u884c\u52a8\u4e4b\u95f4\u4ea7\u751f\u5de8\u5927\u7684\u65ad\u88c2\u3002\u8fd9\u6b63\u662f\u4ed6\u4e4b\u524d\u63d0\u5230\u7684\u201c\u535a\u5c3c\u5c3c\u6096\u8bba\u201d\u5728\u6c9f\u901a\u5c42\u9762\u7684\u4f53\u73b0\u2014\u2014\u7ec6\u8282\u8d8a\u591a\uff0c\u771f\u76f8\u8d8a\u6a21\u7cca\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u201c\u8f6c\u5316\u201d\u7684\u5fc5\u7136\u6027<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Weick\u5f3a\u8c03\u7684\u662fTransformed\uff08\u8f6c\u5316\uff09\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u4ec5\u662fDistorted\uff08\u5931\u771f\uff09\u3002\u8fd9\u610f\u5473\u7740\u4fe1\u606f\u5728\u4f20\u9012\u4e2d\u88ab\u8d4b\u4e88\u4e86\u65b0\u7684\u610f\u4e49\u3002\u6bd4\u5982\u5728\u300a\u591a\u6570\u539f\u5219\u300b\u90a3\u9996\u8bd7\u91cc\uff0c\u5e95\u5c42\u7684\u8bc9\u6c42\u7ecf\u8fc7\u4e03\u5c42\u201c\u591a\u6570\u6d3e\u201d\u7684\u8f6c\u5316\uff0c\u6700\u540e\u5230\u4e86\u9876\u5c42\u53ef\u80fd\u53d8\u6210\u4e86\u5b8c\u5168\u76f8\u53cd\u7684\u6307\u4ee4\u3002\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5c42\u7ea7\u8d8a\u591a\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u4e3a\u4e86\u201c\u51cf\u5c11\u672c\u5730\u6b67\u4e49\u201d\u800c\u8fdb\u884c\u7684\u4e8c\u6b21\u521b\u4f5c\u5c31\u8d8a\u4e25\u91cd\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u884c\u52a8\u5355\u4f4d\u7684\u6ede\u540e\u6027<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Weick\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u6c9f\u901a\u7684\u7ec8\u70b9\u5e94\u8be5\u662f\u201c\u5fc5\u987b\u91c7\u53d6\u884c\u52a8\u7684\u5355\u4f4d\u201d\u3002\u5728\u6241\u5e73\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4e2d\uff0c\u4fe1\u606f\u4e0e\u884c\u52a8\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u7269\u7406\u548c\u5fc3\u7406\u8ddd\u79bb\u90fd\u5f88\u77ed\uff0c\u53cd\u9988\u56de\u8def\u975e\u5e38\u654f\u6377\u3002\u5728\u9ad8\u8038\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4e2d\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u7ecf\u8fc7\u7684\u8282\u70b9\u592a\u591a\uff0c\u5f53\u4fe1\u606f\u7ec8\u4e8e\u4f20\u5230\u884c\u52a8\u8005\u624b\u4e2d\u65f6\uff0c\u73af\u5883\u53ef\u80fd\u5df2\u7ecf\u53d1\u751f\u4e86\u5267\u53d8\uff0c\u8fc7\u65f6\u7684\u6307\u4ee4\u53cd\u800c\u6210\u4e86\u884c\u52a8\u7684\u963b\u788d\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u6743\u529b\u5bf9\u4fe1\u606f\u7684\u64cd\u7eb5<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u6b63\u5982\u8bd7\u4e2d\u6240\u5c55\u793a\u7684\uff0c\u5c42\u5c42\u9012\u8fdb\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\u4e3a\u6743\u529b\u7684\u96c6\u4e2d\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u201c\u5408\u6cd5\u5316\u201d\u7684\u63a9\u62a4\u3002\u6bcf\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e2d\u95f4\u5c42\u7ea7\u90fd\u53ef\u4ee5\u5229\u7528\u201c\u4ee3\u8868\u591a\u6570\u4eba\u201d\u7684\u540d\u4e49\uff0c\u5bf9\u5411\u4e0a\u6216\u5411\u4e0b\u6d41\u52a8\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u8fdb\u884c\u7b5b\u9009\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u7ef4\u6301\u9876\u7aef\u7684\u7edf\u6cbb\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u603b\u7ed3\uff1a\u5c42\u7ea7\u662f\u6c9f\u901a\u7684\u654c\u4eba\u3002\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u60f3\u8981\u771f\u76f8\uff0c\u5c31\u5fc5\u987b\u7f29\u77ed\u4fe1\u606f\u884c\u8d70\u7684\u8ddd\u79bb\u3002\u4f60\u662f\u5426\u6709\u8fc7\u8fd9\u79cd\u7ecf\u5386\uff1a\u8001\u677f\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u60f3\u6cd5\uff0c\u4f20\u5230\u4f60\u624b\u91cc\u65f6\u5df2\u7ecf\u53d8\u6210\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e0d\u53ef\u7406\u55bb\u7684\u65b9\u6848\uff1f<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u539f\u6587\uff1aFrom another point of view, it is possible to interpret tall vs. flat in terms of another venerable concept in organization theory, the informal organization. Informal organization consists of the interaction patterns that develop in addition to those that are formally prescribed by lines of authority (Carzo and Yanouzas 1967, chap. 5). The relevance of the informal organization to the present discussion is that as organizations become flatter and as supervision becomes less direct, a greater number of informal contacts will probably be initiated and maintained, and these contacts will have a more substantial effect on performance (Cohen, Robinson, and Edwards 1969). When supervision is less frequent and less direct, informal contacts may be initiated for the purpose of getting work done (Blau 1954). In other words, assistance cannot be counted on from a supervisor to whom several persons report, so this support is sought at a parallel level from those who are engaged in similar activities. Added impetus for these informal alignments comes from the fact that in her role of helper the supervisor also sooner or later assumes the role of evaluator. She judges the output of the subordinates and bases her promotion and demotion decisions on these assessments. This means that the supervisor plays an extremely complicated role. Subordinates are hesitant to ask for assistance from the supervisor because they think it will reveal their incompetence and will affect subsequent decisions about their salary and promotion. The major point to be drawn from this is that organizations vary in their number of levels, and that the number of levels directly affects supervision, communication, and informal alliances and indirectly produces psychological consequences.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a\u4ece\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u89d2\u5ea6\u770b\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7406\u8bba\u4e2d\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u7ecf\u5178\u7684\u7406\u5ff5\u2014\u2014\u2018\u975e\u6b63\u5f0f\u7ec4\u7ec7\u2019\u2014\u2014\u6765\u8be0\u91ca\u2018\u9ad8\u8038\u2019\u4e0e\u2018\u6241\u5e73\u2019\u7684\u533a\u522b\u3002\u975e\u6b63\u5f0f\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7531\u90a3\u4e9b\u5728\u6b63\u5f0f\u804c\u6743\u4f53\u7cfb\u4e4b\u5916\u53d1\u5c55\u51fa\u6765\u7684\u4e92\u52a8\u6a21\u5f0f\u6784\u6210\uff08Carzo \u548c Yanouzas 1967\uff09\u3002\u975e\u6b63\u5f0f\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4e0e\u672c\u6b21\u8ba8\u8bba\u7684\u76f8\u5173\u6027\u5728\u4e8e\uff1a\u968f\u7740\u7ec4\u7ec7\u53d8\u5f97\u8d8a\u6241\u5e73\u3001\u76d1\u7763\u8d8a\u4e0d\u76f4\u63a5\uff0c\u6210\u5458\u4e4b\u95f4\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u53d1\u8d77\u5e76\u7ef4\u6301\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u975e\u6b63\u5f0f\u63a5\u89e6\uff0c\u4e14\u8fd9\u4e9b\u63a5\u89e6\u5bf9\u7ee9\u6548\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u4f1a\u66f4\u4e3a\u5b9e\u8d28\uff08Cohen, Robinson, \u548c Edwards 1969\uff09\u3002\u5f53\u76d1\u7763\u9891\u7387\u964d\u4f4e\u4e14\u4e0d\u518d\u76f4\u63a5\u65f6\uff0c\u6210\u5458\u4e3a\u4e86\u5b8c\u6210\u5de5\u4f5c\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u81ea\u53d1\u8fdb\u884c\u975e\u6b63\u5f0f\u63a5\u89e6\uff08Blau 1954\uff09\u3002\u6362\u53e5\u8bdd\u8bf4\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u65e0\u6cd5\u6307\u671b\u90a3\u540d\u540c\u65f6\u7ba1\u8f96\u591a\u4eba\u7684\u4e3b\u7ba1\u63d0\u4f9b\u534f\u52a9\uff0c\u5458\u5de5\u8f6c\u800c\u5411\u5904\u4e8e\u5e73\u884c\u5c42\u7ea7\u3001\u4ece\u4e8b\u76f8\u4f3c\u6d3b\u52a8\u7684\u540c\u4e8b\u5bfb\u6c42\u652f\u6301\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u975e\u6b63\u5f0f\u8054\u76df\u7684\u52a8\u529b\u8fd8\u6e90\u4e8e\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e8b\u5b9e\uff1a\u4e3b\u7ba1\u5728\u626e\u6f14\u2018\u534f\u52a9\u8005\u2019\u89d2\u8272\u7684\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u8fdf\u65e9\u4e5f\u4f1a\u627f\u62c5\u8d77\u2018\u8bc4\u4f30\u8005\u2019\u7684\u89d2\u8272\u3002\u5979\u8bc4\u5224\u90e8\u4e0b\u7684\u4ea7\u51fa\uff0c\u5e76\u4ee5\u6b64\u4f5c\u4e3a\u664b\u5347\u6216\u964d\u804c\u7684\u4f9d\u636e\u3002\u8fd9\u610f\u5473\u7740\u4e3b\u7ba1\u626e\u6f14\u7740\u6781\u5176\u590d\u6742\u7684\u53cc\u91cd\u89d2\u8272\u3002\u90e8\u4e0b\u5f80\u5f80\u72b9\u8c6b\u662f\u5426\u5411\u4e3b\u7ba1\u6c42\u52a9\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u4ed6\u4eec\u62c5\u5fc3\u8fd9\u4f1a\u66b4\u9732\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u65e0\u80fd\uff0c\u8fdb\u800c\u5f71\u54cd\u540e\u7eed\u6709\u5173\u85aa\u8d44\u548c\u5347\u8fc1\u7684\u51b3\u7b56\u3002\u7efc\u4e0a\u6240\u8ff0\uff0c\u6838\u5fc3\u8bba\u70b9\u5728\u4e8e\uff1a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5c42\u7ea7\u7684\u591a\u5c11\u76f4\u63a5\u5f71\u54cd\u4e86\u76d1\u7763\u3001\u6c9f\u901a\u548c\u975e\u6b63\u5f0f\u8054\u76df\uff0c\u5e76\u95f4\u63a5\u4ea7\u751f\u4e86\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u5fc3\u7406\u540e\u679c\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\ud83d\udca1 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015 \u539f\u6587\uff1aThere are several reasons why  &hellip; <\/p>\n<p class=\"link-more\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mooda.com.cn\/?page_id=1343\" class=\"more-link\">\u7ee7\u7eed\u9605\u8bfb<span class=\"screen-reader-text\">\u201c\u300a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u793e\u4f1a\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u300b\u5b66\u4e60\u7b14\u8bb0 016\u201d<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/mooda.com.cn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1343"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/mooda.com.cn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/mooda.com.cn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mooda.com.cn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mooda.com.cn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=1343"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/mooda.com.cn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1343\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1344,"href":"https:\/\/mooda.com.cn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1343\/revisions\/1344"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/mooda.com.cn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=1343"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}