{"id":1333,"date":"2026-05-25T14:55:14","date_gmt":"2026-05-25T06:55:14","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/mooda.com.cn\/?page_id=1333"},"modified":"2026-05-25T14:55:14","modified_gmt":"2026-05-25T06:55:14","slug":"%e3%80%8a%e7%bb%84%e7%bb%87%e7%a4%be%e4%bc%9a%e5%bf%83%e7%90%86%e5%ad%a6%e3%80%8b%e5%ad%a6%e4%b9%a0%e7%ac%94%e8%ae%b0-014","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/mooda.com.cn\/?page_id=1333","title":{"rendered":"\u300a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u793e\u4f1a\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u300b\u5b66\u4e60\u7b14\u8bb0 014"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

\u63a5\u4e0a\u671f\uff1a<\/em>\u300a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u793e\u4f1a\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u300b\u5b66\u4e60\u7b14\u8bb0 013<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Organizing: The Emergence of “Majority Rule\u201d<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5316\uff1a\u201c\u591a\u6570\u539f\u5219\u7684\u6d6e\u73b0<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u539f\u6587\uff1aPiet Hein’s aphoristic poem (or grook) entitled “Majority Rule” tells us a great deal about how organizing occurs:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a\u76ae\u4e9a\u7279\u00b7\u6d77\u6069\uff08Piet Hein\uff09\u8fd9\u9996\u540d\u4e3a\u300a\u591a\u6570\u539f\u5219\u300b\uff08Majority Rule\uff09\u7684\u683c\u8a00\u8bd7\uff08\u6216\u79f0\u201c\u683c\u9c81\u514b\u8bd7\u201d\uff0cgrook\uff09\uff0c\u6df1\u523b\u5730\u63ed\u793a\u4e86\u201c\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5316\u201d\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u53d1\u751f\u7684\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u539f\u6587\uff1aHis party was the Brotherhood of Brothers, and<\/p>\n\n\n\n

there were more of them than of the others.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

That is, they constituted that minority<\/p>\n\n\n\n

which formed the greater part of the majority.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Within the party, he was of the faction<\/p>\n\n\n\n

that was supported by the greater fraction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And in each group, within each group, he sought<\/p>\n\n\n\n

the group that could command the most support.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The final group had finally elected<\/p>\n\n\n\n

a triumvirate whom they all respected.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Now of these three, two had the final word,<\/p>\n\n\n\n

because the two could overrule the third.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One of these two was relatively weak,<\/p>\n\n\n\n

so one alone stood at the final peak.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He was THE GREATER NUMBER of the pair<\/p>\n\n\n\n

which formed the most part of the three that were<\/p>\n\n\n\n

elected by the most of those whose boast<\/p>\n\n\n\n

it was to represent the most of most<\/p>\n\n\n\n

of most of most of the entire state \u2014<\/p>\n\n\n\n

or of the most of it at any rate.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He never gave himself a moment’s slumber<\/p>\n\n\n\n

but sought the welfare of the greatest number.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And all the people, everywhere they went<\/p>\n\n\n\n

knew to their cost exactly what it meant<\/p>\n\n\n\n

to be dictated to by the majority.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But that meant nothing \u2014they were the minority.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a\u4ed6\u7684\u515a\u6d3e\u53eb\u4f5c\u201c\u5144\u5f1f\u4f1a\u201d\uff0c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u4eba\u6570\u6bd4\u5176\u4ed6\u6d3e\u7cfb\u90fd\u8981\u591a\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u6784\u6210\u4e86\u90a3\u4e2a\u5c11\u6570\u6d3e\uff0c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5374\u5360\u636e\u4e86\u591a\u6570\u6d3e\u4e2d\u7684\u7edd\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5728\u515a\u6d3e\u5185\u90e8\uff0c\u4ed6\u5c5e\u4e8e\u90a3\u4e2a\u6d3e\u7cfb\uff0c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5f97\u5230\u4e86\u66f4\u5927\u6bd4\u4f8b\u4eba\u7684\u652f\u6301\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5728\u6bcf\u4e00\u4e2a\u5c0f\u7ec4\u5185\u90e8\uff0c\u4ed6\u603b\u662f\u5bfb\u6c42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u90a3\u4e2a\u80fd\u591f\u638c\u63a7\u6700\u591a\u652f\u6301\u7684\u5c0f\u7ec4\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u6700\u7ec8\u7684\u5c0f\u7ec4\u7ec8\u4e8e\u9009\u51fa\u4e86<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4e00\u4e2a\u5927\u5bb6\u90fd\u5c0a\u656c\u7684\u4e09\u4eba\u56e2\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u800c\u5728\u8fd9\u4e09\u4eba\u4e2d\uff0c\u6709\u4e24\u4eba\u8bf4\u4e86\u7b97\uff0c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u56e0\u4e3a\u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u4eba\u53ef\u4ee5\u5426\u51b3\u7b2c\u4e09\u4e2a\u4eba\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u4eba\u4e2d\uff0c\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u76f8\u5bf9\u8f83\u5f31\uff0c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4e8e\u662f\u552f\u6709\u4e00\u4eba\u7ad9\u5728\u4e86\u6700\u540e\u7684\u5dc5\u5cf0\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4ed6\u662f\u90a3\u4e00\u5bf9\u4e2d\u7684\u201c\u66f4\u5927\u591a\u6570\u201d\uff0c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u800c\u90a3\u4e00\u5bf9\u6784\u6210\u4e86\u90a3\u4e09\u4eba\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\uff0c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u90a3\u4e09\u4eba\u662f\u7531\u90a3\u4e9b\u5439\u5618\u81ea\u5df1\u4ee3\u8868\u4e86<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5168\u5dde\u7edd\u5927\u591a\u6570\u7684\u7edd\u5927\u591a\u6570<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u7684\u7edd\u5927\u591a\u6570\u7684\u7edd\u5927\u591a\u6570<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u7684\u4eba\u6c11\u6240\u9009\u51fa\u7684\u2014\u2014<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u6216\u8005\u8bf4\uff0c\u81f3\u5c11\u662f\u5176\u4e2d\u7684\u7edd\u5927\u591a\u6570\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4ed6\u4ece\u4e0d\u8ba9\u81ea\u5df1\u7247\u523b\u5b89\u7761\uff0c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4e00\u5fc3\u53ea\u4e3a\u201c\u6700\u591a\u6570\u4eba\u201d\u8c0b\u798f\u5229\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u800c\u6240\u6709\u7684\u4eba\u6c11\uff0c\u65e0\u8bba\u8d70\u5230\u54ea\u91cc\uff0c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u90fd\u523b\u9aa8\u94ed\u5fc3\u5730\u660e\u767d\uff0c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u88ab\u201c\u591a\u6570\u6d3e\u201d\u72ec\u88c1\u5230\u5e95\u610f\u5473\u7740\u4ec0\u4e48\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f46\u8fd9\u6beb\u65e0\u610f\u4e49\u2014\u2014\u56e0\u4e3a\u4ed6\u4eec\u662f\u201c\u5c11\u6570\u6d3e\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u539f\u6587\uff1aOne way to understand the events portrayed in this poem is to transform them into an organizational chart (Stieglitz 1975). It is common practice to depict organizations graphically and to regard the lines in the chart as indicating such things as communication relationships, lines of authority, chain of command, levels within the organization, superior-subordinate relationships, etc. A simplified organization chart for “Majority Rule” is found in Fig. 1.2. The numbers attached to each level are arbitrary, and the labels at each level correspond to the labels used in the poem with three additions. “Other parties,” those forming the lesser part of the majority, have been dubbed Sisterhood of Sisters (SOS), Sisterhood of Brothers (SOB), and Brotherhood of Sisters (BOS).<\/p>\n\n\n

\n
\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n

\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a\u7406\u89e3\u8fd9\u9996\u8bd7\u6240\u63cf\u7ed8\u4e8b\u4ef6\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u662f\u5c06\u5176\u8f6c\u5316\u4e3a\u4e00\u5f20\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7ed3\u6784\u56fe\uff08Stieglitz \u00a01975\uff09\u3002\u901a\u5e38\u7684\u505a\u6cd5\u662f\u7528\u56fe\u5f62\u6765\u63cf\u7ed8\u7ec4\u7ec7\uff0c\u5e76\u5c06\u56fe\u4e2d\u7684\u8fde\u7ebf\u89c6\u4e3a\u6c9f\u901a\u5173\u7cfb\u3001\u804c\u6743\u7ebf\u3001\u6307\u6325\u94fe\u3001\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5c42\u7ea7\u4ee5\u53ca\u4e0a\u4e0b\u7ea7\u5173\u7cfb\u7b49\u7684\u8c61\u5f81\u3002\u56fe1.2\u5c55\u793a\u4e86\u4e00\u5f20\u7b80\u5316\u7684\u300a\u591a\u6570\u539f\u5219\u300b\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7ed3\u6784\u56fe\u3002\u9644\u5728\u6bcf\u4e00\u5c42\u7ea7\u4e0a\u7684\u6570\u5b57\u662f\u4efb\u610f\u8bbe\u5b9a\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u6bcf\u4e00\u5c42\u7ea7\u7684\u6807\u7b7e\u5219\u4e0e\u8bd7\u4e2d\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u79f0\u8c13\u76f8\u5bf9\u5e94\uff0c\u5e76\u989d\u5916\u589e\u52a0\u4e86\u4e09\u9879\uff1a\u90a3\u4e9b\u6784\u6210\u2019\u591a\u6570\u6d3e\u2019\u4e2d\u8f83\u5c0f\u90e8\u5206\u7684\u2018\u5176\u4ed6\u515a\u6d3e\u2019\uff0c\u88ab\u620f\u79f0\u4e3a\u59d0\u59b9\u4f1a\uff08SOS\uff09\u3001\u5144\u5f1f\u59d0\u59b9\u4f1a\uff08SOB\uff09\u4ee5\u53ca\u59d0\u59b9\u5144\u5f1f\u4f1a\uff08BOS\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n

\n
\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n

\ud83d\udca1 \u5b66\u4e60\u7b14\u8bb0\uff1a<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Weick\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\u901a\u8fc7\u5c06\u8bd7\u6b4c\u201c\u7ed3\u6784\u5316\u201d\uff0c\u5c55\u793a\u4e86\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u4e00\u4e2a\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u601d\u7ef4\u65b9\u6cd5\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00a0\u4ece\u201c\u8fc7\u7a0b\u201d\u5230\u201c\u56fe\u8868\u201d\u7684\u622a\u53d6\uff1a<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u8bd7\u6b4c\u63cf\u8ff0\u7684\u662f\u52a8\u6001\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u64cd\u5f04\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff0c\u4f46\u7ba1\u7406\u8005\u548c\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u4e60\u60ef\u4e8e\u7528\u9759\u6001\u7684\u56fe\u8868\u6765\u6355\u6349\u5b83\u3002Weick\u901a\u8fc7\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7ec3\u4e60\u63d0\u9192\u8bfb\u8005\uff1a\u56fe\u8868\u5176\u5b9e\u662f\u5bf9\u6d41\u52a8\u4e92\u52a8\u7684\u201c\u77ac\u95f4\u5b9a\u683c\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u7b26\u53f7\u4e0e\u6743\u529b\u7684\u91cf\u5316\uff1a<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4ed6\u4e3a\u8fd9\u4e9b\u515a\u6d3e\u8d77\u4e86\u4e9b\u7565\u5e26\u6076\u641e\u7684\u7f29\u5199\uff08\u5982SOB\u5728\u82f1\u8bed\u4e2d\u5e38\u6307\u7c97\u4fd7\u7684\u9a82\u4eba\u8bdd\uff09\uff0c\u8fd9\u5ef6\u7eed\u4e86Weick\u4e00\u8d2f\u7684\u5e7d\u9ed8\u611f\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u4e5f\u6697\u793a\u4e86\uff1a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4e2d\u7684\u5c42\u7ea7\u548c\u6807\u7b7e\u5f80\u5f80\u5177\u6709\u865a\u6784\u6027\u548c\u64cd\u7eb5\u6027\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u5d4c\u5957\u672c\u8d28\uff1a<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u901a\u8fc7\u8fd9\u5f20\u56fe\uff0cWeick\u5c55\u793a\u4e86\u7ec4\u7ec7\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u901a\u8fc7\u201c\u5c42\u5c42\u8fc7\u6ee4\u201d\u6765\u8fd0\u4f5c\u7684\u3002\u6210\u5343\u4e0a\u4e07\u4eba\u7684\u610f\u5fd7\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u5c42\u5c42\u201c\u591a\u6570\u539f\u5219\u201d\u7684\u7b5b\u9009\uff0c\u6700\u540e\u6c47\u805a\u5230\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u7684\u51b3\u7b56\u4e0a\u3002\u8fd9\u5c31\u662f\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5316\u5982\u4f55\u628a\u5e9e\u5927\u4e14\u6df7\u4e71\u7684\u201c\u6b67\u4e49\u201d\u6d53\u7f29\u4e3a\u5355\u4e00\u884c\u52a8\u7684\u7269\u7406\u8fc7\u7a0b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u603b\u7ed3\uff1a\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u53ea\u770b\u56fe\u8868\uff0c\u4f60\u770b\u5230\u7684\u662f\u201c\u6743\u529b\u7684\u7b49\u7ea7\u201d\uff1b\u4f46\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u7ed3\u5408\u8fd9\u9996\u8bd7\u770b\uff0c\u4f60\u770b\u5230\u7684\u662f\u201c\u610f\u4e49\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u88ab\u5c42\u5c42\u5265\u79bb\u548c\u7be1\u6539\u7684\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u539f\u6587\uff1aIf we look at the chart, we can see several interesting features. For example, note the direction of the arrows. In most charts they would point from the top to the bottom, yet in this case they point in the reverse direction.This is partly because we are discussing the process of organizing and how organization emerges. Our discussion is consistent with the sizable literature (e.g., Partridge 1978) that talks about the emergence of leadership and demonstrates that this emergence is viewed as more or less legitimate \u2014 depending on the extent to which members participate in selecting the leader. The arrows in the chart, however, make an even more important point. They imply that subordinates ultimately determine the amount of influence exerted by those who lead. This is a prominent theme in organization theory (e.g., Mechanic 1964). The argument is presented in perhaps the clearest form by Barnard:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a\u5982\u679c\u6211\u4eec\u89c2\u5bdf\u8fd9\u5f20\u56fe\u8868\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u53d1\u73b0\u51e0\u4e2a\u6709\u8da3\u7684\u7279\u5f81\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u8bf7\u6ce8\u610f\u7bad\u5934\u7684\u65b9\u5411\u3002\u5728\u5927\u591a\u6570\u56fe\u8868\u4e2d\uff0c\u7bad\u5934\u901a\u5e38\u4ece\u9876\u90e8\u6307\u5411\u5e95\u90e8\uff0c\u4f46\u5728\u672c\u4f8b\u4e2d\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u6307\u5411\u5374\u6070\u6070\u76f8\u53cd\u3002\u8fd9\u90e8\u5206\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u6211\u4eec\u6b63\u5728\u8ba8\u8bba\u7684\u662f\u2018\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5316\u2019\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4ee5\u53ca\u7ec4\u7ec7\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u2018\u6d6e\u73b0\u2019\u7684\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u8ba8\u8bba\u4e0e\u5927\u91cf\u7684\u76f8\u5173\u6587\u732e\uff08\u4f8b\u5982 Partridge 1978\uff09\u662f\u4e00\u81f4\u7684\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6587\u732e\u63a2\u8ba8\u4e86\u9886\u5bfc\u6743\u7684\u4ea7\u751f\uff0c\u5e76\u8bc1\u660e\u4e86\u8fd9\u79cd\u4ea7\u751f\u662f\u5426\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u5408\u6cd5\uff0c\u5f88\u5927\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u6210\u5458\u53c2\u4e0e\u9009\u62d4\u9886\u5bfc\u8005\u7684\u7a0b\u5ea6\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u56fe\u4e2d\u7684\u7bad\u5934\u8fd8\u63ed\u793a\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u66f4\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\uff1a\u5b83\u4eec\u6697\u793a\u4e86\u90e8\u4e0b\u6700\u7ec8\u51b3\u5b9a\u4e86\u9886\u5bfc\u8005\u6240\u80fd\u65bd\u52a0\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u529b\u5927\u5c0f\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7406\u8bba\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u91cd\u8981\u4e3b\u9898\uff08\u4f8b\u5982 Mechanic 1964\uff09\u3002\u5207\u65af\u7279\u00b7\u5df4\u7eb3\u5fb7\u6216\u8bb8\u4ee5\u6700\u6e05\u6670\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u9610\u8ff0\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e00\u8bba\u70b9\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\ud83d\udca1 \u5b66\u4e60\u7b14\u8bb0\uff1a<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Weick\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\u901a\u8fc7\u201c\u53cd\u8f6c\u7bad\u5934\u201d\uff0c\u5b8c\u6210\u4e86\u4e00\u6b21\u7ba1\u7406\u601d\u7ef4\u7684\u201c\u53cd\u8f6c\u201d\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u7ec4\u7ec7\u662f\u201c\u81ea\u4e0b\u800c\u4e0a\u201d\u6d8c\u73b0\u7684<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u539f\u6587\uff1aIf a directive communication is accepted by one to whom it is addressed, its authority for him is confirmed or established. it is admitted as the basis of action. Disobedience of such a communication is a denial of its authority for him. Therefore, under this definition the decision as to whether an order has authority or not lies with the persons to whom it is addressed, and does not reside in “persons of authority” or those who issue orders. In the last analysis the authority fails because the individuals in sufficient numbers regard the burden involved in accepting necessary order as changing the balance of advantage against their interest, and they withdraw or withhold the indispensable contributions (1938, pp. 163-65).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\ud83d\udca1 \u5b66\u4e60\u7b14\u8bb0\uff1a<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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